Is it possible to ensure scientific rigour when conducting Essay

Is it conceivable to guarantee logical meticulousness when leading quantitative and subjective examination - Essay Example It is important that the ideas of legitimacy and dependability of subjective examination have in the past not been very much classified as on account of quantitative exploration. This paper hence, takes a gander at the chance of having a logical meticulousness when leading subjective and quantitative exploration (Gery and Ryan 2013). The quality and unwavering quality of any exploration finding rely upon the strategies utilized in gathering information, test decisions, procedures utilized in the examination and the delineation of the picked methods. Similarly, the specialist needs to create methodical coding examples to help recognize degenerate cases that would somehow or another influence unwavering quality. The Techniques for Collecting Qualitative Data In request to have right induction, the investigated information must be quality information. This implies procedures of gathering information must be all around picked dependent on the sort of exploration and the decisions made ab out the substance. Poor choice of methods is probably going to result into wrong derivation (Meyrick 2006). There are approaches and strategies that can help to improve the legitimacy and dependability of subjective information and the examination reports. To guarantee logical meticulousness, four information assortment methods can be utilized. ... Elicitation procedures can likewise be arranged into kinds of meetings; organized, semi-organized, unstructured, and blended elicitation that joins the three. The utilization of unstructured meetings might be casual or ethnographic. To have control of the outcomes logical examination need to maintain a strategic distance from casual meetings yet pick the organized and ethnographic strategies, which permits longer questionings and more profound testing (Seale and Silverman 1997). This leads into believability of the information with capacity for appropriate examination. This is on the grounds that the organized and semi-organized meetings are frequently intended to permit all sources to be inspected on a lot of comparative inquiries, so as to give a chance of making correlations of the information across respondents or gatherings of respondents to improve unwavering quality. In this technique, the scientist starts the meeting, poses the particular inquiries, and decides if the discuss ion on a specific theme has meets the examination destinations. For this situation, the respondent is guided and limited to the exploration questions. Information gathered is probably going to be dependable if there is a degree of connection over the respondents. Organized meetings are significantly utilized when the examination expects to quantify the size of an event and to help make increasingly precise correlations inside and across gatherings (Seale and Silverman 1997).The legitimacy of such organized meetings is established on the theory that if a deliberate and a lot of normalized instrument is directed to a gathering of people, the changes in their reactions is significantly because of their individual contrasts, however not the distinction in the instrument utilized. Instances of organized

External Support for Programmers in Tool Building

Outer Support for Programmers in Tool Building 2. LITRATURE SURVEY In a product improvement process a writing review is the most extreme basic advance. It is important to manage the time factor before building up the apparatus economy and friends quality. When these things are fulfilled ten following stages are to figure out which working framework and language can be utilized for building up the instrument. When the developers begin assembling the apparatus the software engineers need part of outer help. This help can be gotten from senior developers, from book or from sites. Before building the framework the above thought are considered for building up the proposed framework. In[1] Haikun Liu, Student Member, IEEE, Hai Jin, Senior Member, IEEE, Xiaofei Liao, Member, IEEE,Chen Yu, Non-Member and Cheng-Zhong Xu, Senior Member, IEEE 2011 Live virtual machine relocation by means of offbeat replication and state synchronization Live migration of virtual machines (VM) transversely over physical hosts gives an immense new favorable position to heads of server homesteads and bundles. Past memory-to-memory techniques show the feasibility of live VM development in neighborhood (LAN), anyway they would realize an extended length of personal time in a wide domain framework (WAN) condition. This paper delineates the diagram and execution of a novel system, explicitly, CR/TR-Motion, which gets checkpointing/recovery and follow/replay advances to give fast, direct VM development for both LAN and WAN circumstances. With execution follow marked on the source have, a synchronization estimation is performed to mastermind the running source and target VMs until they accomplish an anticipated state. CR/TR-Motion can phenomenally decrease the development personal time and framework information transmission use. Preliminary outcomes show that the strategy can reduce migration overheads differentiated and memory-to-memory app roach in a LAN: up to 72.4 percent on application watched vacation, up to 31.5 percent on total development time, and up to 95.9 percent on the data to synchronize the VM state. The application execution overhead in view of development is kept within 8.54 percent all things considered. The results moreover exhibit that for a diverse assortment of remaining burdens moved across over WANs, the development personal time is under 300 milliseconds. In [2] Rajkumar Buyya, Rajiv Ranjan and Rodrigo N. Calheiros Demonstrating and reproduction of adaptable distributed computing conditions and the cloudsim toolbox: Challenges and openings Dispersed processing intends to control the bleeding edge server homesteads and engages application organization providers to lease server ranch capacities with regards to sending applications depending upon customer QoS (Quality of Service) requirements. Cloud applications have particular association, plan, and sending essentials. Assessing the execution of advantage parcel procedures and application booking counts at better focal points in Cloud enrolling circumstances for assorted application and organization models under fluctuating weight, imperativeness execution (power use, heat scattering), and structure size is a trying issue to deal with. To improve this methodology, in this paper we propose CloudSim: an extensible diversion tool compartment that enables showing and proliferation of Cloud enlisting circumstances. The CloudSim apparatus compartment support exhibiting and creation of at least one virtual machines (VMs) on an impersonated center of a Data Center, occupations, and their mapping to appropriate VMs. It moreover allows entertainment of various Data Centers to enable an examination on association and related methodologies for movement of VMs for constancy and customized scaling of employments. In [3] Alexandru Iosup , Nezih Yigitbasi, Dick Epema On the presentation changeability of creation cloud administrations Passed on enrolling plans to control the forefront server estates and connects with application association providers to rent server farm limits for sending applications relying on client QoS (Quality of Service) prerequisites. Cloud applications have undeniable affiliation, plan, and sending basics. Surveying the execution of advantage bit strategies and application booking estimations at better reasons for eagerness for Cloud enlisting conditions for different application and association models under fluctuating weight, criticalness execution (power use, heat dissipating), and framework size is a difficult issue to deal with. To upgrade this system, in this paper we propose CloudSim: an extensible redirection toolbox that draws in displaying and increase of Cloud enrolling conditions. The CloudSim instrument compartment sponsorships appearing and creation of at least one virtual machines (VMs) on an imitated focus purpose of a Data Center, occupations, and their mapping to appropri ate VMs. It additionally permits redirection of unmistakable Data Centers to empower an investigation on affiliation and related approachs for movement of VMs for relentlessness and altered scaling of occupations. In [4] Xiaoqiao Meng, Canturk Isci, Jeffrey Kephart, Li Zhang, Eric Bouillet. 2010 Effective Resource Provisioning in Compute Clouds by means of VM Multiplexing Resource provisioning in figure fogs consistently obliges an assessment of the cutoff needs of Virtual Machines (VMs). The surveyed VM size is the reason for conveying resources proportionate with intrigue. Instead of the standard daily schedule of surveying the range of VMs autonomously, we propose a joint-VM provisioning approach in which distinctive VMs are consolidated and provisioned together, considering an assessment of their complete cutoff needs. This new methodology mishandles accurate multiplexing among the remaining task at hand instances of various VMs, i.e., the peaks and valleys in a single outstanding burden model don't basically blend with the others. Along these lines, the unused resources of a low utilized VM can be gotten by the other help establish VMs with high use. Stood out from individual-VM based provisioning, joint-VM provisioning could provoke a lot higher resource use. This paper shows three framework modules to enable such a thought before long. Specifically, an execution necessity depicting the breaking point need of a VM for achieving a specific degree of utilization execution; an estimation for evaluating the all out size of multiplexed VMs; a VM decision figuring that hopes to find those VM mixes with correlative outstanding task at hand plans. We grandstand that the proposed three modules can be reliably associated with applications, for instance, resource provisioning, and giving resource protections to VMs. The proposed methodology and applications are evaluated by execution data accumulated from around 16 thousand VMs in business server ranches. The results show over 45% overhauls with respect to the general resource use. In [5] Simon Ostermann, Alexandru Iosup, Nezih Yigitbasi, Radu Prodan, Thomas Fahringer and Dick Epema A Performance Analysis of EC2 Cloud Computing Services for Scientific Computing Circulated figuring is growing today as a business base that takes out the necessity for keeping up indulgent preparing gear. Through the use of virtualization, fogs assurance to address with the equivalent shared plan of physical resources a huge customer base with various requirements. Consequently, fogs assurance to be for scientists an unmistakable alternative for gatherings, systems, and super PCs. Regardless, virtualization may incite important execution disciplines for the mentioning insightful figuring remaining burdens. In this work we show an appraisal of the comfort of the present conveyed figuring organizations for exploratory enrolling. We examine the execution of the Amazon EC2 stage using little scope benchmarks and bits. While fogs are up 'til now changing, our results show that the current cloud organizations require a solicitation of enormity in execution change to be significant to set up specialists.

Further Versus Farther Which Should You Use

Further Versus Farther Which Should You Use As one of the most commonly confused combinations of words in the English language, farther and further create a lot of confusion for both native and ESL learners alike. And for good reason!The reason these words are often confused is that for the most part, they have been used interchangeably until only recently to denote spatial, temporal, or metaphorical distance. In fact, if you look at the definition of further in Websters Dictionary, farther is one of its definitions, making the distinction between the two even more confusing.FartherFirst, lets look at the definition of farther:At or to a greater distance or more advanced pointTo a greater degree or extentThe easiest way to look at this is to see farther as most often referring to a literal distance. Here is an example of farther used in literature:Yes, the newspapers were right: snow was general all over Ireland. It was falling on every part of the dark central plain, on the treeless hills, falling softly upon the Bog of Allen and, farther westward, softly falling into the dark mutinous Shannon waves. It was falling, too, upon every part of the lonely churchyard on the hill where Michael Furey lay buried.Dubliners by James JoyceFurtherFurther, on the other hand, is most often used in relation to a metaphorical distance rather than a literal one. However, youll notice that the dictionary definition of further is in fact farther. This shows why and how the two words are often confused and have been used interchangeably in literature:FartherTo a greater degree or extent.In addition; moreoverAn example of further in literature is this quote:To love or have loved, that is enough. Ask nothing further. There is no other pearl to be found in the dark folds of life.Les Misérables by Victor HugoIts also important to note that Further is the older word of the two but it wasnt until 1906, according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage, that writers were encouraged to distinguish further from farther.S o, which should I use?Most present-day editors and writers will use farther when denoting a physical or literal distance, and further when denoting a metaphorical distance. The point at which this becomes a problem is a situation like this: Im further/farther along in the book than you are.Why is this a problem? Well, for starters, you could gauge the pages of a book as literal distance. Page 116 is literally farther along in the book and plot than page 111. In situations like this where the distance is ambiguous, many English language resources (the Oxford English Dictionary, Fowlers Modern English Usage to name a few) suggest that farther or further can be used.Beyond this, if you are using British English, Garners Modern English Usage notes that the British use both further and farther for physical distance. Use further if youre not sure.Therefore, the simplest answer to the farther vs. further debate is to use further if you arent sure if the distance is metaphorical or physical , since further, according to its dictionary definition, covers both. However, if you are sure that the distance is literal rather than metaphorical, use farther.

Genetically Vigorous Populations Essay - 1508 Words

Genetically Vigorous Populations Paper Megan Lade University of Phoenix (Online Campus) Niladri Sarker Introduction into Genetic Diversity Genetic diversity provides a species with its form and function. A species genotype refers to their genetic code; what their cells are going to be used for – hair cell, eye cell, muscle cell, etc. A species phonotype refers to the way in which that species gene will be expressed – blonde hair, blue eyes, large muscle tone; which significantly impacts the success of that individuals genes. Without genetic diversity among populations the gene pools would be very limited, which gives way to a rise in mutations and inevitably the end of a species. â€Å"Genes regulate body size, shape,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"As biological novelties to the ecosystems, GM crops may potentially affect the fitness of other species, population dynamics, ecological roles, and interactions, promoting local extinctions, population explosions, and changes in community structure and function inside and outside agro-ecosystems† (Gertsberg, 2011). Population Management Population management is dependent upon the carrying capacity of a population. The carrying capacity of a population is described as the maximum population size of a species that the environment can sustain given all necessary items such as food, water and habitat are available. Genetic diversity is a key value when discussing population management as the more diverse a population is, the more resistant that species will be to environmental changes and disease. Over population, exceeding that population’s carrying capacity can cause starvation, loss of habitat and death. Controlling food sources and other natural resources can help control a population’s numbers; which further increases the opportunity for genetic diversity among healthy species. Another way to control invasive species, mostly plant species, is via controlled fires; alternatively the reintroduction of natural predators also controls populations. As with everything in life, we can h ave ‘too much’ – finding the happy medium in the points above is key to successful population management. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission has a very detailed populationShow MoreRelatedEssay on Cons of Genetic Modification of Plants 1024 Words   |  5 PagesIn our everyday lives we have a substantial need for food. Everyone on planet earth needs food to survive from day to day, so engineers have begun mutating plants and crops to create a better source of nutrition to the population. Scientists are pushing the boundaries in order to create the most bountiful crops and, in turn, healthier people. Imagine what could happen if there were larger harvests, more succulent fruits and nutritious vegetables. Our imagination can run wild with the endlessRead MoreWhat Are Genetically Modified Foods?1236 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are genetically-modified foods? The term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) is most commonly used to refer to crop pla nts created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. 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According to Public Health Agency of Canada, 90% to 95% of Canadian population are diagnosed with diabetes, especially with Type II diabetes (PHAC, 2016). It is statically proven that in 2008-09, approximately 2.4 million Canadians from the age group of one year and older are diagnosed with diabetes. In addition, 6.4% of femalesRead MoreA Short Note On Diabetes Mellitus Type II1039 Words   |  5 Pages(Diabetes Mellitus,2005-2016). The impact on the human physiology is by insufficient production of sugar (insulin) in the bloodstream which then over the time damages to other organs. According to Public Health Agency of Canada, 90% to 95% of Canadian population are diagnosed with diabetes, especially with Type II diabetes (PHAC, 2016). It is statically proven that in 2008-09, approximately 2.4 million Canadians from the age group of one year and older are diagnosed with diabetes. In addition, 6.4% of femalesRead MoreGentically Vigorous Essay1964 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Genetically Vigorous Populations Team B BIO/280 May 5th 2014 Genetically Vigorous Populations Biodiversity is life’s variety. It is the varying genetics that each species carries that makes it different and â€Å"unique†. Biodiversity is important, not only in evolution, but in survival; when sometimes those terms can mean the very same thing. Interestingly, biodiversity can mean a variance in the life itself – or within the genetics of a species. In keeping breeding

Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1829 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/05 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Child Abuse Essay Did you like this example? In 1980, Congress passed the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act (AACWA) in response to the increasing number of children in the foster care system. This legislation required states to make reasonable efforts to avoid removing children from their homes and to reunite families when removal was necessary. Additionally, the AACWA provided financial incentives for adoption when family reunification was not possible. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act" essay for you Create order Then, in 1994 Congress passed the Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA), which prohibited child welfare agencies from delaying or denying adoptive placements on the basis of race but allowed race as a consideration in placement decisions. In response to criticism that this perpetuated attitudes against interracial adoption, MEPA was amended in 1996 to narrow the circumstances in which race may be considered to those in which specific child needs make race important to successful placement. Counselor Considerations Ethical standards. The American Counseling Association has outlined standards of ethical practice for the mandated reporting of child abuse. According to the ACA Code of Ethics section B.2.a: The general requirement that counselors keep information confidential does not apply when disclosure is required to protect clients or identified others from serious and foreseeable harm or when legal requirements demand that confidential information must be revealed. Counselors consult with other professionals when in doubt as to the validity of an exception (American Counseling Association, 2014, p. 7). According to this standard, confidentiality is void when the disclosure of information is necessary to prevent harm to clients or when laws require it, as is the case with the mandated reporting of child abuse. It also specifies that counselors should consult with other professionals if they are unsure as to whether or not a breach of confidentiality is appropriate. The ACA Code of Ethics also addresses ethical record keeping practices as it relates to child abuse cases. Section B.6.h states: Counselors store records following termi nation of services to ensure reasonable future access, maintain records in accordance with federal and state laws and statutes such as licensure laws and policies governing records, and dispose of client records and other sensitive materials in a manner that protects client confidentiality. Counselors apply careful discretion and deliberation before destroying records that may be needed by a court of law, such as notes on child abuse, suicide, sexual harassment, or violence. (American Counseling Association, 2014, p. 8) Not only should counselors adhere to the overarching legal and ethical policies related to record keeping, but they must take extra precaution when handling documentation that may be needed in legal proceedings, such that related to child abuse. Counselors should carefully consider the consequences of destroying these records and use their best judgment in deciding whether or not to do so. Additionally, the ACA Code of Ethics explains that counselors should protect the confidentiality of minor clients in accordance with laws, policies, and relevant ethical standards. Section B.5.a states: When counseling minor clients or adult clients who lack the capacity to give voluntary, informed consent, counselors protect the confidentiality of information received in any medium in the counseling relationship as specified by federal and state laws, written policies, and applicable ethical standards (American Counseling Association, 2014, p. 7). Because counselors must operate in accordance with state and federal laws, they should be aware of the laws specific to the state in which they are practicing. State Laws. While all 50 states have laws mandating healthcare professionals to report suspected child abuse, each states laws contain variations regarding what to report and how to do so. Counselors must be aware of their states laws and procedures when deciding whether breaching confidentiality to file a report is warranted. In Arizona, child abuse is defined as when a parent, guardian or custodian inflicts or allows the infliction of physical, sexual or emotional abuse, neglect, exploitation or abandonment (Arizona Department of Child Safety, 2018, para. 2). According to Arizona Rev. Stat. ? § 13-3620: Any person who reasonably believes that a minor is or has been the victim of physical injury, abuse, child abuse, a reportable offense or neglect that appears to have been inflicted on the minor by other than accidental means or that is not explained by the available medical history as being accidental in nature, or who reasonably believes that there has been a denial or deprivation of necessary medical treatment or surgical care or nourishment with the intent to cause or allow the death of an infant who is protected under A.R.S. ? § 36-2281, shall immediately rep ort or cause reports to be made of this information to a peace officer or to the Department of Child Safety (Arizona Department of Child Safety, 2018, para. 3). The law further specifies that counselors and other healthcare professionals are required to file a report if, over the course of treatment, they develop a reasonable belief that child abuse has occurred. Professionals who report suspected abuse are under no obligation to prove abuse has occurred but are required by law to file a report of any reasonable suspicion of maltreatment to a minor. If the suspected perpetrator is the childs guardian, the report should be made to the police or the Department of Child Safety (DCS). If the child is not in the care of the suspected perpetrator, the report should be made only to the police. When filing a report with DCS through the telephone hotline or online portal, clinicians will be asked to provide the following information: name, age, and gender of the child and family members; address, phone number(s), and/or directions to childs home; parents place of employment; description of suspected abuse or neglect; and current condition of the child (Arizona Department of Child Safety, 2018). Individuals using the online portal will also be asked to provide their own name, professional affiliation, and contact information. Clinicians concerned about retaliatory actions on behalf of the perpetrator should be aware that, according to Rev. Stat. ? § 8-807, DCS will take necessary precautions to protect the identity and safety of the ind ividual filing the report before releasing any information regarding the investigation to the public (Arizona Department of Child Safety, 2018). By law, counselors are not required to inform the childs parents or guardians that a report is being filed. However, Peterson and Urquiza (1993) assert that it is often therapeutically advisable to do so in order to avoid feelings of suspicion, isolation, or betrayal. When sharing this information, clinicians should inform the parents that precautions will be taken throughout the reporting and investigation process to avoid injury or emotional trauma to the child. If the parent is the suspected perpetrator, the clinician can provide the option for the parent to self-report in their presence. However, allowing the parent to self-report does not negate the therapists individual mandate to report the suspected abuse. Informing parents of a report is not advised when there is concern that sharing this information could lead the parent to harm to the child. Clinicians should be attentive to parent factors that could indicate danger to the child, such as appearing psychotic, having poor impulse control, having a history of violent behavior, having substance use issues, or being likely to flee (Peterson Urquiza, 1993). Therapists should attempt to preserve rapport with parents by informing them of the situation when appropriate, but child welfare must a lways be the therapists top priority. The decision to report. Despite the clear legal and ethical guidelines requiring professionals to report suspected abuse, approximately 40% of individuals mandated to report child maltreatment fail to do so at some point during their careers (Alvarez, Kenny, Donohue, Carpin, 2004). To better understand why this occurs, Alvarez, Kenny, Donohue, Carpin (2004) identified four major barriers that professionals encounter when deciding whether to not to file a report of suspected abuse. The first reason that professionals provided for not reporting was a lack of knowledge of both the signs of abuse, especially those of neglect, and reporting procedures. Participants in this study frequently shared that they chose not to report due to a lack of physical evidence. Several clinicians also indicated confusion surrounding mandated reporting requirements and agency-specific policies and procedures. Many also felt as though they were breaching confidentiality in filing a report without complete certainty that abuse had, in fact, taken place. Based on these findings, clinicians should familiarize themselves with the signs of abuse, both physical and behavioral, and should seek out supervision or consultation to ensure that they understand reporting policies and procedures. If counselors are unsure as to whether a breach of confidentiality is warranted, they should seek advice from other mental health practitioners and/or legal professionals. The clinicians in this study als o cited concern about negative consequences for the client as a reason for not reporting. They expressed fear that filing a report would cause further harm to the client, such as by disrupting an already unstable family structure or by placement of the child into a worse living environment. Clinicians also indicated a negative attitude towards child protective agencies as a barrier to reporting. Many expressed concerns that state involvement would place the child at risk of experiencing additional harm due to delays in the investigation or a lack of follow-up. Several clinicians also shared their belief that child protection agencies would not do anything, even if they did file a report. (Alvarez, Kenny, Donohue, Carpin, 2004, p. 566). While these concerns regarding client welfare are valid, clinicians are expected to practice in accordance with state and federal laws mandating the reporting of child abuse. Counselors should continue to advocate for their clients after filing a report to ensure that precautions are taken within the child protection system to protect them from injury or emotional trauma during investigative proceedings. Lastly, clinicians cited concern about negative consequences for themselves as a result of filing a report. Some of these concerns included a fear of physical or legal retaliation from the suspected perpetrator, a loss of rapport with the cli ent or family, or not wanting to be involved in legal proceedings related to the case. Additionally, clinicians may also struggle to acknowledge abuse within families with whom they have built trust and rapport. In case of legal proceedings, clinicians should keep accurate and detailed records of treatment and decision-making and should seek advice from other professionals if they are unsure as to whether confidentiality should be broken. Clinicians must always prioritize child welfare and should seek supervision if personal concerns become a barrier to doing so. In deciding whether to file a report of suspected child abuse, clinicians should familiarize themselves with state laws and agency policies and should be familiar with both physical and behavioral signs of abuse. They should consult with a supervisor, colleagues, and/or legal professionals if they are uncertain as to whether a breach of confidentiality is warranted. Clinicians should remember that child welfare supersedes confidentiality and that they do not need to prove that abuse or neglect as occurred, given that they have reasonable belief. Counselors must always prioritize child welfare and should advocate for their clients th roughout the reporting and investigative process to prevent undue injury or emotional distress.

How to Calculate Retirement Funds Free Essays

To calculate the present value of interest and principal payments, you will need to use the NAP function, rather than the UP function, since the cash flows in the principal and interest columns are not constant throughout time. ] What do you observe when you look at these numbers? Explain. (c) Using your amortization table, what Is the principal that remains to be paid after you have completed 15 years of payments? How does this figure relate to the payments that you have already made? How does this figure relate to your remaining payments? Explain. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Calculate Retirement Funds or any similar topic only for you Order Now (d) Suppose that you had bought this house in June of 2006 under the terms scribed above. Since that date, the average house has declined in value at the rate of 1% per month. [This is the national average for the 3-year period ending summer 2009. ] Assuming that you also experienced this price decline on your house, at what point in calendar time will you owe more in principal on the loan than the house is worth? Assume throughout that you make every payment on time and that house prices continue to decline until at least this point in time. Answer the same question if you had paid 30% down Instead of 10%. Explain why your answers are different. E) Now suppose that your house from part (d) was located In Miami, FL. The average decline in housing prices over this time period in Miami was about 2% per month for the last 4 years. Assume that your house’s price declined by the same amount as the average house in the Miami area. How does a 2% decline change your answers to part (d)? Are the answers the same or different? Explain. NOTE: For questions prepare a spreadsheet model for part. Use this spreadsheet model with additional calculations for part b, c, d, e. Written answers to the questions in b, c, d, and e should be place on a separate worksheet In the same document. 2. Suppose that your salary at age 25 Is $72,500 and that you are paid on a monthly basis. You plan to retire at age 65 and will need 75% of you last year’s salary as Income after you retire for living expenses. You have saved $55,000 to date. You want to build your dream home to live out the rest of your life in at age 50. Based on current prices Ana an Notation rate Tanat Is expected to rise at 1% per year Inelegantly, you project this home will cost $1,000,000 to complete. You have some older relatives that have always had an interest in you and have indicated that you are in their wills. Assume that you will inherit $100,000 in 5 years. Assume that you like to travel and plan to take one nice trip every year starting at the end of your first year of retirement until age 75. The average price of the kind of trips you would like to take is $5,000 today and will rise with inflation. You project that your salary will grow at a rate of 2% and that your retirement income needs will grow at 1%. Finally, assume that you expect to live to age 85 and that you wish to have a balance at the end of your life that is equal to the present value of 5 years of your needed income. The appropriate interest rate for your working life is 9% and declines to 6% after you tire. Both rates of return are nominal. Assume that growth rate and interest rates are quoted as annual figures and reported as EAR’s. A) What % of your monthly salary do you need to start saving to meet your expected needs? Find the solution to this problem by taking all cash flows to the present (I. E. Age 25) b) Verify that your monthly savings from part a plus your initial savings and inheritance described above will allow you to pay for the house at age 50. NOTE: Build a spreadsheet model to answer these two questions and place it in the same document as your answers to questions 1 . How to cite How to Calculate Retirement Funds, Papers

Fears and Phobias Essay Example For Students

Fears and Phobias Essay Part 1. Phobia 1. 1 Meaning of phobia. A  phobia  (from the  Greek:   ,  phobos, meaning fear or morbid fear) is an intense and persistent  fear  of certain situations, activities, things, animals, or people. The main symptom of this  disorder  is the excessive and unreasonable desire to avoid the feared stimulus. When the fear is beyond ones control, and if the fear is interfering with daily life, then a diagnosis under one of the  anxiety disorders  can be made. This is caused by what are called, neutral, unconditioned, and conditioned stimuli, which trigger either conditioned or unconditioned responses. An example would be a person who was attacked by a dog (the unconditioned stimulus) would respond with an unconditioned response. When this happens, the unconditioned stimulus of them being attacked by the dog would become conditioned, and to this now conditioned stimulus, they would develop a conditioned response. If the occurance had enough of an impact on this certain person then they would develop a fear of that dog, or in some cases, an irrational fear of all dogs. Phobias are the most common form of  anxiety disorders. An  American  study by the  National Institute of Mental Health  (NIMH) found that between 8. 7% and 18. 1% of Americans suffer from phobias. Broken down by age and gender, the study found that phobias were the most common  mental illness  among women in all age groups and the second most common illness among men older than 25. Phobias are not generally diagnosed if they are not particularly distressing to the patient and if they are not frequently encountered. If a phobia is defined as impairing to the individual, then it will be treated after being measured in context by the degree of severity. A large percent of the American population is afraid of public speaking, which could range from mild uncomfortability, to an intense anxiety that inhibits all social involvement. Phobias are generally caused by an event recorded by the amygdala and hippocampus and labeled as deadly or dangerous; thus whenever a specific situation is approached again the body reacts as if the event were happening repeatedly afterward. Treatment comes in some way or another as a replacing of the memory and reaction to the previous event perceived as deadly with something more realistic and based more rationally. In reality most phobias are irrational, in the sense that they are thought to be dangerous, but in reality are not threatening to survival in any way. Some phobias are generated from the observation of a parents or siblings reaction. The observer then can take in the information and generate a fear of whatever they experienced. 1. 2 Causes Phobias are known as an emotional response learned because of difficult life experiences. Generally phobias occur when fear produced by a threatening situation is transmitted to other similar situations, while the original fear is often repressed or forgotten. The excessive, unreasoning fear of water, for example, may be based on a childhood experience of almost drowning. The individual attempts to avoid that situation in the future, a response that, while reducing anxiety in the short term, reinforces the association of the situation with the onset of anxiety. 1. 3 Clinical phobias Psychologists  and  psychiatrists  classify most phobias into three categories  and, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), such phobias are considered to be sub-types of  anxiety disorder. The three categories are: Social phobia- fears involving other people or social situations such as performance anxiety or fears of embarrassment by scrutiny of others, such as eating in public. Overcoming social phobia is often very difficult without the help of therapy or support groups. Social phobia may be further subdivided into generalized social phobia  (also known as  social anxiety disorder  or simply  social anxiety) and specific social phobia, in which  anxiety  is triggered only in specific situations. The symptoms may extend to psychosomatic manifestation of physical problems. For example, sufferers of  paruresis  find it difficult or impossible to urinate in reduced levels of privacy. This goes far beyond mere preference: when the condition triggers, the person physically cannot empty their bladder. Specific phobias   fear of a single specific  panic trigger  such as  spiders,  snakes,  dogs,  water,  heights, flying, catching a specific illness, etc. Many people have these fears but to a lesser degree than those who suffer from specific phobias. People with the phobias specifically avoid the entity they fear. Agoraphobia   a generalized fear of leaving home or a small familiar safe area, and of possible  panic attacks  that might follow. May also be caused by various specific phobias such as fear of open spaces, social embarrassment (social agoraphobia), fear of contamination (fear of germs, possibly complicated by  obsessive-compulsive disorder) or  PTSD  (post traumatic stress disorder) related to a trauma that occurred out of doors. Phobias vary in severity among individuals. Some individuals can simply avoid the subject of their fear and suffer relatively mild anxiety over that fear. Others suffer full-fledged panic attacks with all the associated disabling symptoms. Most individuals understand that they are suffering from an irrational fear, but they are powerless to override their initial panic reaction. 1. 4 Treatments Various methods are claimed to treat phobias. Their proposed benefits may vary from person to person. Some therapists use  virtual reality  or imagery exercise to  desensitize  patients to the feared entity. These are parts of  systematic desensitization  therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy  (CBT) can be beneficial. Cognitive behavioral therapy lets the patient understand the cycle of negative thought patterns, and ways to change these thought patterns. CBT may be conducted in a group setting. Gradual desensitisation treatment and CBT are often successful, provided the patient is willing to endure some discomfort. In one clinical trial, 90% of patients were observed with no longer having a phobic reaction after successful CBT treatment. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing  (EMDR) has been demonstrated in peer-reviewed clinical trials to be effective in treating some phobias. Raging Waters EssayThe facial expression of fear includes the widening of the eyes (out of anticipation for what will happen next); the pupils dilate (to take in more light); the upper lip rises, the brows draw together, and the lips stretch horizontally. The physiological effects of fear can be better understood from the perspective of the sympathetic nervous responses (fight-or-flight), as compared to the parasympathetic response, which is a more relaxed state. Muscles used for physical movement are tightened and primed with oxygen, in preparation for a physical fight-or-flight response. Perspiration  occurs due to blood being shunted from bodys  viscera  to the peripheral parts of the body. Blood that is shunted from the viscera to the rest of the body will transfer, along with oxygen and nutrients, heat, prompting perspiration to cool the body. When the stimulus is shocking or abrupt, a common reaction is to cover (or otherwise protect) vulnerable parts of the anatomy, particularly the face and head. When a fear stimulus occurs unexpectedly, the victim of the fear response could possibly jump or give a small start. The persons heart-rate and heartbeat may quicken. 2. 4 Causes People develop specific fears as a result of learning. This has been studied in psychology as  fear conditioning, beginning with John B. Watsons Little Albert experiment  in 1920. In this study, an 11-month-old boy was conditioned to fear a white rat in the laboratory. The fear became generalized to include other white, furry objects. In the real world, fear can be acquired by a frightening traumatic accident. For example, if a child falls into a well and struggles to get out, he or she may develop a fear of wells, heights (acrophobia), enclosed spaces (claustrophobia), or water (aquaphobia). There are studies looking at areas of the brain that are affected in relation to fear. When looking at these areas (amygdala), it was proposed that a person learns to fear regardless of whether they themselves have experienced trauma, or if they have observed the fear in others. In a study completed by Andreas Olsson, Katherine I. Nearing and Elizabeth A. Phelps the amygdala were affected both when subjects observed someone else being submitted to an aversive event, knowing that the same treatment awaited themselves, and when subjects were subsequently placed in a fear-provoking situation. This suggests that fear can develop in both conditions,not just simply from personal history. Although fear is learned, the capacity to fear is part of  human nature. Many studies have found that certain fears (e. g. animals, heights) are much more common than others (e. g. flowers, clouds). These fears are also easier to induce in the laboratory. This phenomenon is known as  preparedness. Because early humans that were quick to fear dangerous situations were more likely to survive and reproduce, preparedness is theorized to be a genetic effect that is the result of  natural selection. The experience of fear is affected by historical and cultural influences. For example, in the early 20th Century, many Americans feared  polio, a disease that cripples the body part it affects, leaving that body part immobilized for the rest of ones life. There are also consistent cross-cultural differences in how people respond to fear. Display rules  affect how likely people are to show the facial expression of fear and other emotions. 2. 5 Neurobiology The  amygdala  is a key  brain  structure in the neurobiology of fear. It is involved in the processing of negative emotions (such as fear and anger). Researchers have observed hyperactivity in the amygdala when patients who were shown threatening faces or confronted with frightening situations. Patients with a more severe social phobia showed a correlation with increased response in the amygdala. Studies have also shown that subjects exposed to images of frightened faces, or faces of people from another race exhibit increased activity in the amygdala. The fear response generated by the amygdala can be mitigated by another brain region known as the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, located in the  frontal lobe. In a 2006 study at Columbia University, researchers observed that test subjects experienced less activity in the amygdala when they  consciously  perceived fearful stimuli than when they  unconsciouslyperceived fearful stimuli. In the former case, they discovered the rostral anterior cingulate cortex activates to dampen activity in amygdala, granting the subjects a degree of emotional control. The role of the amygdala in the processing of fear-related stimuli has been questioned by research upon those in which it is bilateral damaged. Even in the absence of their amygdala, they still react rapidly to fearful faces. Suppression of amygdala activity can also be achieved by pathogens. Rats infected with the  toxoplasmosis  parasite become less fearful of cats, sometimes even seeking out their urine-marked areas. This behavior often leads to them being eaten by cats. The parasite then reproduces within the body of the cat. There is evidence that the parasite concentrates itself in the amygdala of infected rats. Conclusion We have come to the conclusion that: †¢ The meaning of fears and phobias are very close fears and phobias appear because of different reasons, happened to people †¢ feeling of fear is a defending reaction of our body to some shocking situations Resourses Bourke, Joanna,  Fear: a cultural history, Virago (2005) Duenwald, Mary. The Physiology of Facial Expressions,  Discover magazine, v. 26, n. 1, January 2005 Gardner, Dan,  Risk: The Science and Politics of Fear, Random House, Inc . , 2008. ISBN 0771032994 Krishnamurti, Jiddu,  On Fear, Harper Collins,  ISBN 0-06-251014-2  (1995) Robin, Corey,  Fear: the history of a political idea, Oxford University Press (2004) www. wikipedia. com

Inventions and Discoveries

Introduction Invention can be defined as a final result of imagination which could have originated from a mere conception or from experimental researches. Discovery on the other hand is initial or primary acquisition of a given idea or information by an individual.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inventions and Discoveries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As invention gives credit to the person who performed the act as the actual source of the conception, discovery is a credit to any other person who comes across an idea for the first time with respect to himself or herself. Invention is therefore a special primary discovery. This paper seeks to discuss some of the significant discoveries that were made as a result of the inventions of the telescope and the microscope. The paper will look into the history of the discoveries and their effects in the development of the human well beings as well as the enha ncement of the human understanding of the surrounding nature in terms of changing the traditions and the society. Discoveries due to Invention of the Microscope The invention of microscope occurred in the sixteenth century. Believed to have been invented in Netherlands, the technology of the microscope was developed over time by the improvement on the lenses and other features of the microscope. Some of the significant discoveries made through the use of microscopes include the discovery of yeast fungus by Louis Pasteur and the discovery of cells that led to the cell theory (Microscopy, n.d). The Discovery of Yeast Fungus The discovery of yeast fungus is attributed to Louis Pasteur who was a French national. Born in the year 1822, Louis was schooled to advanced levels of education even though most of his teachers didn’t think of him as worth the higher levels of education. Louis Pasteur was the first personality to lay down the foundation of fermentation. He illustrated in hi s discovery the process by which yeast aids the process in which alcohol can be obtained from sugar. In his discovery, Louis disapproved the initial perception that the process of brewing alcohol from sugar was a purely a chemical process rather than a biological process.Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the discovery, he demonstrated that yeast is living organisms that can undertake a process of anaerobic respiration that yields fermentation (Science, 2011). The discovery made by Louis that established yeast as the driving engine behind the brewing of alcohol changed the traditional perception that the brewing process was chemical. It had been previously assumed and believed that the process of brewing alcohol was primarily a chemical reaction. The assumption of the chemical process in the conversion of sugar into alcohol subsequently covered a lot of risks that alcohol expo sed people to as a result of its bacterial components. In the discovery, it was realized that the fermentation process was infested by a number of disease causing micro organisms that included bacteria, fungi and a number of yeast species. As a result of the presence of disease causing organism in the fermentation process, steps were taken by another scientist to eliminate these organisms from yeast. The success of this elimination strategy allowed for a brewing process that was free from the micro organisms apart from the yeast. There were further studies and successes in the refining of the fermentation process which was fueled by Louis’ discovery of the yeast as the basis of fermentation. The move saw the development of the brewing industry and the elimination of disease causing organisms as components of alcohol. By so doing, the discovery by Louis improved the welfare of people by setting a stage upon which their health was taken care of. The elimination of the bacteria and the other organisms from yeast and further developments of the brewing process had the positive effects of eliminating the diseases and medical complications that were caused by these micro organisms. The discovery of the yeast further led to development of the knowledge of the biological sector of micro organisms and the subject of anaerobic respiration (Khachatourians and Arora, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Inventions and Discoveries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Discovery of Cells and the Cell Theory The discovery of cells was made by an English man called Robert Hook. Hook, after designing and upon using a microscope, made an observation in 1665 of substances whose composition he expressed as numerous little boxes. He named the little boxes as cells derived from the Latin meaning of â€Å"little room†. The discovery made by Hook broke the traditional belief that had exist ed among people that human body is one whole and uniform substance. Hook on the contrary brought people to the realization that a human body is made up of small tiny substances called cells. It has further been established that cells are the primary building elements of organisms (Crown, 2003). The discovery of cells, after a number of studies led to the establishment of the cell theory. The concept of the cell theory explained that â€Å"organisms are composed of similar units of organization called cells† (Meisler, 2006, p. 1). Having its history from as early as 1838, the theory described the cell as distinct element with its own features and as a component of a bigger structure which is the organism. The cell theory established the facts that living organisms are composed of these elementary cells, that the cells in the organisms are both structural elements and functional components of the organisms; cells are genetic with features that are transmitted during cell divisi on and that the cells have similar composition. The establishment of the cell theory, however, originates from the discovery of cells by Hook which was facilitated by the invention of the microscope. The discovery of cells refuted the earlier perception that the body organs were a uniform mass of substance. The discovery on the contrary illustrated that the structural organs of organisms are composed of small cells that together forms the organs or body parts. The discovery subsequently led the advancement of knowledge through further discoveries and studies about cells and the organs that they form. The extension of the discovery and the study of the cells to the discovery and study of the nucleus by Brown and the further exploration of the components of cell, types of cells such as the reproductive cells and the DNA cells have been explorations in the subject of biology. The study of the human anatomy which also originated from the discovery of cells has led to discoveries and imp rovement of human health through discovery of medicines that help in preserving human health. The cell discovery though a small ancient innovation, has developed to be the core of human health (Meisler, 2006).Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discoveries due to the Invention Telescope The invention of the telescope is, according Fowler (n.d.), officially attributed Galileo. The invention was formerly made by a man called Roger Bacon who failed to obtain a patent for his invention on the grounds that his innovation was too simple and could be easily reproduced. Galileo then later in his experiments discovered an improvement on the knowledge that pre existed. In his innovation, Galileo realized that the magnifying power highly depended on the ratio of the strengths of two lenses used in the system, the concave and the convex lenses. After his discovery and modifications, Galileo was granted tenure over the developments (Fowler, n.d.). The Dark Energy The invention of telescope opened the universe for study by astrologists. With a clearer and better view of the universe by aid of the telescope, many discoveries have since been made about the features of the universe and the changes that are taking place. One of the stunning discoveries made was the observation of the dark energy. Dark energy is a feature of the space. According to NASA (n.d.), the dark energy is exerting an effective force that is greatly accelerating the expansion of the universe. The discovery of the dark energy and the expansion of the universe posed a challenge to the previous theory of gravitational force. Under the theory of force of gravity, there would be no expansion of the universe as the force exerts an attraction towards the center. This discovery of the dark matter has further triggered the study into the universe by casting doubts on the centrifugal theory (NASA, n.d.). Walker (2010) expressed the fear that the extensiveness and totality of the dark energy in the universe which has a negative implication on the strength of the gravitational force yields a reason for worry. He recounted that scientists consider the dark energy to be a threat to the universe, though they estimate that the universe still has billions of yea rs of existence. The discovery is greatly developing the understanding of the state of the universe as more effort is being made to understand the effects of the dark energy. The dark energy is still more of a mystery but could turn out to be advantageous or dangerous to the welfare of people. More of its nature and effects are yet to be discovered (Walker, 2010). Planetary Nebulae The planetary nebulae have their history of discovery dating from the eighteenth century. The name nebula was accorded to these matters owing to their similarities to the color of Uranus and Neptune. The nebulae are gaseous substances with a fuzzy view and a recognized level of symmetry (Kwok, 2007). Their discovery added to the richness of the study of the universe. The ability to identify and view planetary nebulae was basically due to the existence of the telescope that has exposed the universe to exploration. Their discovery further led to advanced study that led to the revelation of how they are form ed, their properties and their distribution. The discovery can therefore be similarly credited with enhancement of human knowledge of the universe in general, and that about the planetary nebulae in particular. The knowledge of the formation of the planetary nebulae for example illustrates that evolution of a star leads to emission of a great wind. An instability created in the process leads to the breakage of the outer layer of the star. This results in hot substances that can then be seen as a glowing disc. An important idea noted about the planetary nebulae is the fact that they are reabsorbed into the â€Å"interstellar medium†. This means that the emissions in the process of the formation of the nebulae do not spread to the earth. This has a significant importance to the general inhabitants of the earth considering the fact that some of the foreign emissions into the earth’s atmosphere are normally dangerous with adverse side effects. An illustrative example is th e harmful ultra violet radiations into the atmosphere. The knowledge of the reabsorbing these emissions into their systems is a relief that builds confidence in people concerning their safety and welfare on earth. The discovery of the planetary nebulae has therefore promoted the development of knowledge through furthering studies and invention as well as stabilizing fears of external threats to the earth’s atmosphere (Darling, n.d.). Conclusion The world of discoveries and inventions has been in existence for over centuries. The inventions have been diverse covering both theories and instruments. The discoveries and inventions are on their merits spontaneous processes with one step leading to a chain of further discoveries and inventions. An illustration is seen in the invention of the telescope and the microscope that further led to discoveries of elements like the brewing process, the cell theory, the dark matter as well as the planetary nebulae of the space. These discover ies have in one way or the other developed the human knowledge by furthering studies and as well enhanced the well being of people either socially or in terms of health. References Crown. (2003). The discovery of cells. Strengthening Teaching and Learning of Cells. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/url?sa=tsource=webcd=6ved=0CFUQFjAFurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.school-portal.co.uk%2FGroupDownloadFile.asp%3FGroupId%3D20629%26ResourceId%3D184101rct=jq=discovery%20of%20cellsei=OjiCTdelPI3W4gb8yvyACQusg=AFQjCNFNfuZDr4M94GIIv9XIXZxe2guWLgcad=rja Darling, D. ( n.d.). Planetary nebula. David darling Info. Retrieved from: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/planneb.html Fowler, M. (n.d.). Galileo and the Telescope. University of Virginia. Retrieved from: http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/lectures/galtel.htm Khachatourians, G. and Arora, K. (2002). Agriculture and Food Production, Volume 2. Netherlands: Elsevier. Kwok, S. (2007). Planetary nebulae. ScholarPedia. Retrieved f rom: http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Planetary_nebulae Meisler, C. (2006). Cell Theory and Cell Organelles. Bemidjistate. Retrieved from: http://www.bemidjistate.edu/academics/departments/science/k12-science-units/Celll-theoy-and-organelles-biology.pdf Microscopy. (n.d.). The history of the microscope. Microscopy. Retrieved from: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/intro/histo.html NASA. (n.d.). Dark energy, dark matter. Science NASA. Retrieved from: http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/ Science. (2011). Louis Pasteur. All About Science. Retrieved from: http://www.allaboutscience.org/louis-pasteur-faq.htm Walker, L. (2010). Will Dark Energy Destroy the Earth? Retrieved from: http://www.ucg.org/commentary/will-dark-energy-destroy-earth.htm This research paper on Inventions and Discoveries was written and submitted by user Paula E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Effect of Life Changes On Stress Related Illness -Psychology Essay

The Effect of Life Changes On Stress Related Illness -Psychology Essay Free Online Research Papers The Effect of Life Changes On Stress Related Illness -Psychology Essay Holmes and Rahe intended to find a link between the changes in some one’s life and them becoming stressed and consequently ill, so both the links between life changes and stress, and then stress and illness. The last thing they wanted to do was to determine the severity of a life change, and thus predict how ill you may become. Some of the procedures that the two men undertook included checking patient’s medical records to find 43 life changes that were common during the months prior to the illness, then asked roughly 400 people to rate how stressful each event was in relation to getting married which was given a rating of 50, this then led to them creating there SRRS (Social Readjustment Rating Scale) and finally, some patients they asked were already ill and were asked to calculate their SRRS totals in the few earlier months, and the reverse, some people found their SRRS scores and were then monitored for illness. They found that there was a correlation of higher SRRS scores and more likely to become ill. The percentage was roughly 50% likely to become ill if your score was over 200 and 80% if more than 300. There are unfortunately a couple of weaknesses about this theory. Some of them include the fact that positive and negative changes were both counted alike, but this could be a mistake as positive changes may be more enjoyable and not contributing to the illness in any way. And another weakness is cultural relativism, as some things that we may find a negative change and find to be stressful, may be the complete opposite for other cultures, and thus it may not help towards and illness. Finally it was found by Kanner, that a more accurate way of using this theory was to measure changes by daily minor hassles, such as getting stuck in a traffic jam or missing a bus etc. These weaknesses are all quite major factors, even though the SRRS and related research is still in common use today. Research Papers on The Effect of Life Changes On Stress Related Illness -Psychology EssayArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of PsychodynamicResearch Process Part OneStandardized TestingLifes What IfsInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Wall Street Journal #1 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wall Street Journal #1 - Article Example tributed to the lack of a master plan as well as disjointed plans and the different forms of mixed-use developments in Mexico City are new to the area and have brought a lot of demand from the upper-middle class particularly the ones with young families due to their collection of retail, cultural attractions and offices (Whelan). Developers have taken the vacant land in the area and closed industrial sites so that they can be abele to develop sites, and this has increased the population of the city without considering the breadth of the streets to accommodate the increased flow of traffic, the electrical systems as well as the capacity of the water in the area. It is easier to get a permit for development in Mexico City than it is in New York City, and this is the main cause of the exponential growth that has brought problems as far as water and power are concerned. The city has had to put a hold on the permitting process and consequently start an overhaul of the entire process so that it can be able to check and plan for the development that is taking place. This has lead to many developers that had already procured land for the construction having to wait a little longer until the process is reviewed making them delay on huge

Describe the nature of Scared Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Describe the nature of Scared - Essay Example They developed the existing architecture from a several other nation they conquered including Egypt and improved it with their knowledge so it could fit with their wealth and the rapidly expanding urban population. In the Ottoman Empire, there was also a distinct connection between the nature of architecture and the cultural and religious beliefs and in many ways; the architecture reflected the Islam faith (Saound 2). For instance, Sultan Suleyman designed a mosque that had rooms that were specifically designed to accommodate travelers and strangers, engendering some of the basic tenets of Islamic faith. This paper is aimed at discussing Roman and Ottoman architecture in the periods between the 4th and 17th century in relation the religious significance borne. The designers of the first Roman temples were priest who lead in the practice of rituals in the period around 600-800 BC, at this point, the Romans were not the great nation they were to later become and did not even have an em pire. They would hold rituals aimed at the cultivation of Godly values, family and ordering the life of the society, the rituals would each get the formation of space deemed appropriate for them. With time, the priests would frame the space they needed for their rituals in the abstract; eventually, actual buildings were put up to contain the activities and this morphed into different temples; for different Gods and with different purposes. While Roman architects were expected to be practical in their work, beauty and grandeur were critical aspects of any construction commissioned especially for their Gods and Rulers. This is because the buildings were intended not only for the performance of public functions but also to impress not only the local but also visitors who would spread news of Rome’s grandeur. Gradually, the religious importance attached to Roman temples came to transcend the religions and the deities for whom they were constructed, retrospectively; Romans practic ed a syncretic religion with many gods who had temples dedicated to them. However, when Rome became the headquarters or Christianity in general, and the Catholic Church in particular as it still is, many of the temples were turned into churches and still functional as such to date. One of the greatest works of Roman architecture was the Madison Carree, located in Nimes, France; it was built in the 16 BC, however in the 4th BC when Christianity had entrenched itself in Roman social fiber, it was converted into a church albeit having served as a temple for the early secular Gods. A discussion of Religious architecture, Roman or otherwise, would be incomplete without a mention of the Pantheon; it was and remains one of the most remarkable and well preserved architectural works from ancient Rome. Built in 126BC, it has served as a Roman catholic church since the 7th century; it is made up of a huge Circular portico and there Corinthian columns made of granite three ranks of huge granite Corinthian columns (Moser). Probably the most amazing aspect of the design is the fact that the at the top, the temple is there is a central circular opening known as the Oculus making the temple a huge tourist attraction is even more popular during the rainy weather. Then, visitors can watch the rainfall from the top of the

The Process Of Brewing Beer

The Process Of Brewing Beer Beer is the worlds ancient and most generally consumed alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. The word beer comes from the Latin word bibere, meaning to drink. It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains predominantly malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), and rice are widely used. Maximum beer is flavored with hops, which enhance bitterness and also acts as a natural preservative, nevertheless other flavorings such as herbs or fruit may rarely be included. The chemical equation beneath sum up to form beer: C6H12O6 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2 History The history of beer making is a story of creation, dedication and honor. While wine making is a very old art that probably invented with the Phoenicians some 2,600 years ago, the art of beer making is said to be older than that of farming. Around 10,000 and 15,000 years ago, women were known to collect wild grain and utilize it to make beer by fermentation which would dependent on spontaneous air borne yeast. Along the birth of civilization correspondingly originated the skilled beer brewing. The Sumerians in around 6,000 years old developed different varieties by soaking barley bread in water. Around 4000 years ago seal, of a Goddess of brewing Hymn to Ninkasi was found in Sumerians period. In which hymn is also a process for making beer. The Babylonians around 2000 years later brought forth several further varieties. Babylonians also distributed and exported the beer and above all, there were laws on the beer. For example the king used to decide the quantity of beer that a person can consume. Beer in that was also sold on barter system. After Babylonians, Egyptians carried on the custom of beer brewing. They also developed many different varieties of beer by adding dates and other fruits. Greeks and Romans carried the tradition of beer brewing as the capture on the Egyptians. In Roman Empire beer was drank in some parts where there was no wine available. Beer of that time could not be s tored and there was no yeast introduced yet. As the culture of barley spread in in north and west, the beer brewing also grabbed attention. After that period, slowly beer brewing reached the entire world and also developed because of trade, wars, and modernization of world. Process of beer brewing The simplest way to describe the process of beer making is fermentation of Malted barley, hops, water and yeast. But sometimes to give beer a specific flavor, ingredients like wheat, maize (corn), rice, fruit, dry fruit and spices are introduced and this dependence on the region where the beer is produced. If the process is considered in detail beer brewing has different stages like malting, milling, mashing, brewing, cooling, fermentation which is followed by maturation, filtering (finishing) and packaging. What is barley? Barley is a towering grass and on the top of the stalk it has got seeds. Barley is not used for baking because it does not form good dough nevertheless it is good for brewing beer. Barley is available numerous strains and ranges that eventually influence the flavor of the beer. Malting Malting is the first step of beer making. In this process barley is prepared to be used in brewing. Barley cannot be used directly to produce the wert since the starch in its floury kernels is insoluble. As the process of malting progress it exposes the starches present in the barley. The first step is Steeping in malting in which grain is soaked in a barrel of water for approximately 40 hours. The second step is germination of the barley grain and for the grain to germinate it is spread on the flat surface in the sprouting room for roughly three to five days where the formation of rootlets instigated. The germination process produces the enzymes by breaking down. At the end of the process, the starch become soft but the enzymes is not in progress of transforming the starch into sugar. Now the barley grain is knows as green malt. Kilning The next process is kilning. Germination is stopped by drying the green malt on metal shelves in the oven (kiln house) at 50 ° C. The temperature is then raised up to 85 °C to make a light malt, or more upper for a dark malt. It is essential that temperature should be raised slowly for the reason that the enzymes in the grain are not ruined. The malted shoots are separated and then dried malts are stored in grain storage. Even though malted barley is the chief ingredient, unmalted corn, rice or wheat are added sometimes, to create diverse beer flavors in this malting process. At the end of kilning, the product obtained malt. The flavor, color and aroma of the beer would be different as there are variations in the ways of malting the barley. Milling Next process is milling and as the name suggest it is the cracking of the grain which the brewer chooses for the particular batch of beer. Milling the grain allows it to absorb the water which would eventually be mixed in order to let water to extract sugars from the malt. Mashing The following step to milling is Mashing. Mashing is the process of making the finest ground malt into a sweet syrupy fluid. Mashing transforms the starches into sugars that can be fermented and which are released throughout the malting period. The milled grains are released into warm water then are slowly heated to about 75 ° C in a big cooking container so called as mash tun. In this mash tun, the grain and heated water forms a cereal mash which dissolves the starch into the water, converting it into sugar mostly maltose. Water itself is a key ingredient in beer because water is an important part of the brewing process. This water which contains sugar is then strained through the bottom of the mash and is now entitled as wert. Brewing Brewing is one of the most an important process in beer making. The finished grains are drained out and wert are ready for boiling and this consist of several technical and chemical reactions. During this stage, vital judgments are made for the flavor, color and aroma of the beer. Different kinds of hops are added at different times throughout the boil process for either bitterness or aroma and also for preserve it. The wert is boiled for 1 or 2 hours to sterilize and concentrate it and extract the necessary essence from the hops. Cooling Cooling is the next step. The wert is shifted quickly from the brew kettle to filter out the hops through a method, and then it is taken to a heat exchanger for cooled. It is essential to rapidly cool wert to a point where yeast can be securely added, as yeast doesnt grow in high heat. Fermentation Fermentation is a vital step in brewing. The brewer now selects a type of yeast and adds it to the fermentation tank. This is where the real magic of brewing happens when the yeast, eats the sugar in the wert and turns it into alcohol and carbon dioxide. This process takes ten days. The wort finally becomes beer. Maturation Maturation which is also known as racking. The beer has now been brewed, but it can still be improved through maturation. Throughout this stage, the brewer transfers and shelves the beer into a new tank known as the conditioning tank. The brewer then just waits for the beer aging process to complete and thus its flavor also ripens. The liquid clarifies as yeast and other particles settle. Secondary fermentation saturates the beer with carbon dioxide. Finishing Finishing is the end of the brewing process. Here the beer is filtered and carbonated. Additional filtering contributes to the sparkling clarity of beer. The beer is transformed to a holding tank where it kept till it is bottled, canned or put into kegs. Filling systems ensure that air does not come into contact with the beer and is not trapped inside the container. Chemistry of beer What are the different flavor and color of beer and from where does the beer get them? There are many forms of malts. This include pale malts with are dried at a low temperature. Therefore it produces a malt that give the beer a pale golden color and a slightly bready flavor such as a pilsner. (PILSENER: A pale lager with strong flavor of hops; first brewed in the Bohemian town of Pilsen.). Mild ale malts are kilned to a bit higher temperature which produces a pale malt that gives the beer a deeper color and slightly toasted biscuit flavors. Many English ales go for this malt process. Vienna and Munich malts are simmered and lightly kilned thus helps some of the starch to convert more sugar which give the beer an orangey amber color and the classic toffees taste, furthermore nutty flavors of Oktoberfest beer and other Bavarian, German specialties. The highest temperatures are used to acquire very flavorful and aromatic malts. Caramel and Crystal malts are slowly boil until all of their starches are converted into sugars then they are kilned until they caramelize and th is caramel flavored malt gives the beer a reddish-amber color, rich flavors. Kiln the barley longer and at higher temperatures and the darker and roastier the beer will be. Just like higher roasted coffee beans. This will give the beer darker color and chocolate, coffee and espresso-like flavors. What does yeast do in beer? Each brewery has its own strains of yeast, and it is these that largely determine the character of the beer. In some yeast varieties, the cells rise to the top at the end of fermentation, and are then skimmed off. This is called top fermentation, and ales are brewed in this way. When at the end of fermentation the yeast cells sink to the bottom, the process is known as bottom fermentation, used for lager or pils. When ales are brewed yeast commonly used is known as Saccharomyces cerevisia and for lager and pils Saccharomyces calsbergensis. Some special Belgian beers use a third method where fermentation relies on spontaneous action by airborne yeasts. Alcohol percentages of beer worldwide Alcohol percentages vary by country to country. As British ale beer contains average alcohol about 4.4% whereas Belgian beers tend to have average alcohol of about 8%. In India there are 3 common types of beer which include lager beer which consist of around 4% of alcohol, about 8% is premium beer and super strong beer consist of about 15%. The strongest beer sold in Britain was Dogfish Heads which had 21% alcohol in 2003. In Japan in 2005, the Hakusekikan Beer Restaurant sold an eisbock, believed that it had 28% alcohol. The strongest beers sold in 2009 Scotlands Brew Dog Brewing released Tactical Nuclear Penguin, claiming the title of worlds strongest beer at which had 32%. Recently for Brew Dog, Schorschbrà ¤u Brewing from Germany released Schorschbock in January 2010 which consists of about 40% alcohol. Infected beer The diacetyl, light struck, oxidation, esters, phenols, over or under carbonation, acidic are some infection that beer can get. Diacetyl is instigated when there is not sufficient oxygen in wort and high temperature initial fermentation. Light struck is affect the beer when the beer is exposed to light. When air is bonded with beer oxidation takes place and the beer is spoiled which gives the beer a cardboard or paper smell. When Banana, apple flavor comes from beer the beer is affected by esters. Over or under carbonation is caused when the bottles are not sealed properly moreover this can also happen when the yeast added to the beer is wild. When bacterias like lactobacillus and bacillus attack the beer the beer is infected and this is seen when the beer gets acidic. Conclusion

Dramatic tension Essay

This then, is clearly contrasted with the language used when describing a life spent as Willy’s has been, selling and buying. Biff speaks off such a life using words such as ‘suffer’ and ‘measly’ and again, the stage directions are clear in indicating his tone ‘with rising agitation. ‘ A dramatic tension is created then, between the different lifestyles, as Biff and Happy are portrayed as struggling with the inner conflict of conforming to their father’s ideals, or obeying their natural desires. The setting is also crucial in conveying dramatic tension. The use of scenery illuminates the attitude of Willy, and the audience is engaged in a sensory experience with the actor. Furthermore, the setting reflects the events taking place and can set the mood and atmosphere that are so important in creating dramatic tension. The house then, is a place of an increasingly dramatic tension. The house is an important part of the setting as it represents Willy’s flawed ambition. Details such as the single ‘silver athletic trophy’ being one of the only furnishings represents the importance of success but also the lack of it due to the bard setting of the home. The kitchen then, shows only ‘three chairs’ at the table. This may represent the absence of Biff as part of their lives. Dramatic tension is woven throughout, hinting at difficulties surrounding the return of ‘the prodigal son’ and the lack of selling success that is soon revealed to be haunting Willy. He built the house as a part of his success however; it has become overshadowed by apartment blocks. The street outside is packed with cars showing that success is now being achieved by many and in comparison; Willy’s small house is now insignificant, as is his dwindling success. Many of the events take place in the house, and most prominently, the family arguments. It is in the house that Biff comes to terms with flunking maths, that Biff and Willy argue about success, that Linda yells at her sons, and finally, Biff produces the rubber piping and confronts his father. These arguments create dramatic tension as what should have been the perfect family set-up and home becomes fractured, and so is Willy’s dream, to the point of suicide. The Garden or Backyard is also an important part of the setting. Willy attempts to plant seeds remarking ‘I’ve got to get some seeds, right away. Nothings planted, I don’t have a thing in the ground. ‘ The garden is a motif then, of Willy’s need and desire for success. It also represents the legacy that that Willy never leaves with his family. Though Willy attempts to plant his garden near the end of the play, this is too little too late. His life then, had already been a failure and he has left nothing remarkable by which to be remembered. This is a very high point of dramatic tension as the audience is very aware that Willy seems to sense the end of his life is incredibly close. Linked to the production of the rubber pipe only moments later, an overhanging reminder of Willy’s contemplation of suicide creates incredible tension. Dramatic tension is also created through the use of stage and sound effects as well as lighting. Miller uses all three methods as mood and atmosphere creators to enhance and create dramatic tension. Miller is very specific when describing the effects to depict the Loman house. Staging effects include transparent walls in order to make to whole house accessible to the audience. Furthermore, it creates a sense of vulnerability and rawness enhanced by the towering blocks surrounding the house. This vulnerability then, creates a sense defence from attack that enhances dramatic tension. Miller describes the Tower blocks as ‘tall angular shapes’ that reflect Willy’s feeling of inferiority and also claustrophobia and then create a threatening presence. Lighting is crucial in creating atmosphere and dramatic tension. The beginning scene is the most prominent example of this. At first Miller uses the ‘blue light of the sky’ to recreate a depressed and sorrowful mood. The dramatic tension arises when this becomes and ‘an angry glow of orange. ‘ This change suddenly shows a threatening and angry, harsh and dangerous mood. Tension is obvious as the two moods seem far apart but are obviously both linked to the events that will unfold in the Loman house. Sound effects are also important at this point and then throughout the novel. At this stage, the music of a lilting flute is described as fragile and small and fine. It can be seen to represent the better times of the family in which Willy was more successful. It also becomes associated with Willy’s self-delusion of success and his dream of fortune. This music is played then at varying points throughout the play, symboling to the audience a flashback or a sad remainder of a once optimistic dream. The dramatic tension is created as music appears before the events, leaving the audience with a sense of suspense. Other characters ‘theme music’ are that of Bens, and that of the boys, described as ‘gay and happy. ‘ Miller uses these ahead of the character appearance to show that they are about to become involved in the plot, creating dramatic tension as the audience wonders how this will effect the unfolding events. Miller uses more than just music to create dramatic tension. Sound effects such as the screech of Willy’s tyres as he commits suicide create vivid, realistic and highly tense moments. Miller also uses voices to create confusion in Willy’s last actions, thereby recreating the confusion and breakdown of Willy’s mental state. The tension is increased, as his next moves cannot be predicted. The voice of ‘The Women’ constitutes much dramatic tension. Upon hearing her voice and laugh, even beyond the ‘Boston Bedroom’ scene, we are then led to consider whether Willy has ended the affair and the consequences the relationship would cast. Combined with the way in which the family seems to further splinter, an incredible tension is created. Moreover, Biff’s growing agitation toward his indicates that he may be ready to reveal hidden affair. ‘The Woman’s’ laugh adds to this dramatic tension by sounding ironic and mocking, and this further exposes Willy’s vulnerability and confusion. Symbolism is also used throughout both to create dramatic tension and to link the past and the future. Perhaps the rubber piping creates the highest point of tension. It represents Willy’s insecurities and contemplation of death, a prospect that is in itself, an incredibly dramatically tense subject throughout as the audience is constantly left to wonder whether or not Willy will commit suicide. Furthermore, Linda knows of its existence but is reluctant to confront her husband. From the point that Biff decides to remove and keep the piping, we are aware that he now has two strongholds over his father, and tension is evident in his conflict between using this advantage over the now weakened Willy, and the reminder of the awesome respect he used to hold for his Father. In this final scene, Biff finally confronts his father by producing the tubing. Linda is horrified; Biff is angry and confused while Willy is left to defend himself. Such dramatic tension is highly powerful as it plays on the volatile emotional and relational ties found linking the characters. Their interactions then, are charged emotional, created by Miller as part of an incredibly tense sense of drama. Miller combines these methods of creating intense dramatic tension and as a result has produced a highly successful play that continues to capture the audiences rapt attention throughout.

What Everybody Is Saying About Seminary Graduation Essay Samples Is Wrong and Why

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What Do You Think About The Juvenile Death Penalty Many

What do you think about the juvenile death penalty? Many sides are against this kind of thing. They believe that juveniles are not fully matured and give in too easily to peer pressure. Juveniles are smart enough to know wrong from right even if they are getting pressured to do something. This essay is pro for death penalty for juveniles, because they can make their own decisions in their life. For starters this paper is going to give some information from people who think there should never be and have never been a juvenile death penalty. At present, we are reacting out of total frustration with teenage violence and turning to the most violent, draconian punishments for our children. The ABA Moratorium wants to end this practice. The†¦show more content†¦The total number of persons under death sentences has increased by 181% in the past fifteen years, reflecting a steady rise from 1,209 sentences to death in 1983 to about 3,400 sentences to death on June 1, 1998. In contra st, the number of juvenile offenders under death sentences has risen much less quickly. Thirty-three juvenile offenders were under death sentences at the close of 1983, compared to sixty-nine juvenile offenders today (a 109% increase), but this number has fluctuated between these two extremes during this decade and a half. This comparatively constant death row population for juvenile offenders results from the fact that the number of new death sentences each year is roughly equal to the combination of death sentence reversals plus executions for juvenile offenders (Streib). The American people have been executing children in the pursuit of justice for more than three and one half centuries, beginning with the earliest days of Plymouth Colony. The most recent executions of juvenile offenders occurred in April and May of 1998. This centuries-old system of death for children’s crimes has always had major flaws, and the post-1972 modern era is little better. However, it was not until the last decade that American courts and scholars stumbled across this odd subtopic within the death penalty system. Now after fifteen years of debating, legislating, and deciding cases about the death penalty for offenders who commit crimes while under ageShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment1276 Words   |  6 Pagesand Christianity e. Islam II. Who a. Countries b. States c. Juveniles III. What Ways IV. Why, Laws Broken a. Laws about it b. Cost c. Wrongful accusation V. Increased Murder Rate VI. Conclusion Did you know, that according to a study at North Carolina State, a murder case cost 2.16 million dollars more with a death penalty then with a sentence of life imprisonment? It s true! 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