Adolescent Aggression And Its Effects On The United States

In today s general public, adolescent wrongdoing is an expanding issue in the United States. At the point when talking on adolescent viciousness there are a wide range of sorts of brutality like gang violence, school savagery, dating brutality, youth brutality. The issue is clear, the arrangement not really. What would we be able to do to counteract as well as minimize the measure of adolescent brutality and wrongdoing? Every topic chose talks about what the particular violence in depth and how each topic goes with one another. Gang violence leads into school viciousness, which leads into dating brutality, which all wraps up under youth violence. Each of these points is additionally not the same as each other in light of the fact that, they all emphasis on an alternate kind of violence. Every kind of vicious act can take a human life from existence. Whether that life is taken by any weapon of decision or a human life taken by the legal framework meaning imprisonment. But how do the y outh feel about all these labels they are subjected to? The environment that they live in that subject them to participate in violence. Could the way they were raise play a role in their current actions? Maybe as younger children they were abused or saw someone they loved being abused. GANG VIOLENCE Gang brutality insights show that are down somewhat from earlier years, yet keep on increasing subsequently to the early piece of the era. As indicated by gangs, around 60,000 gang related capturesShow MoreRelatedMother Child And Father Child Relationships Essay1163 Words   |  5 PagesControl, and Aggression: Maternal and Paternal Relationships† written by Murray, Dwyer, Rubin, Knighton-Wisor and Booth-LaForce (2013) sought to understand the role of paternal and maternal parenting in predicting child developmental outcomes. Specifically, the study focused on the examination of the extent to which quality father-to-child and mother-to-child relationships moderate or lessen the impact of adversities arising from ineffective parenting practices on adolescent aggression that may followRead MoreViolent Media And Its Impact On Aggression1544 Words   |  7 PagesImpact On Aggression In Adolescence In recent trends, adolescents in the United States are now experiencing an explosive rise in the usage of technology. There have been many technological advances since the 20th century such as the invention of the Internet, cellular devices, and other screens. However, the new generation of adolescents in America; the â€Å"millennials,† are the ones living through and experiencing this new economy and lifestyle. Millennials and many other young adolescents tend to useRead MoreViolence Is Running Rampant Within Our Society1409 Words   |  6 Pagespoint of drawing blood and leaving scars to the early morning news broadcast of the child abuse and heart-breaking death of two year old Colton Turner of Leander, violence is running rampant within our society. Every year, all across the United States, adolescents are subjected to such violence within their own homes, schools, and communities. According to the World Health Organization (2014), violence is defined as â€Å"the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneselfRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effect On Behavior1378 Words   |  6 Pagesare popular today adolescents. Although games are fun and entertaining many people worry about the violent content within some games. Violent video gaming has been a huge topic of concern because people fear it will lead to aggressive behavior. Although there is considerable evidence that link violent video games to aggressive behavior and cognition, the interpretation of the connection differs in each study and the fact still remains, the debate is ongoing. In the United States, about 97% of teen’sRead MoreProtecting Children from Television Violence Essays1405 Words   |  6 Pagespsychology at the University of Toronto and author of â€Å"Media Violence and Its Effect on Aggression: Assessing the Scientific Evidence†, discusses how television violence, claimed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), does not cause real-world aggression among adolescents. The FCC determined to restrict violent television programming to late night hours only because their â€Å"scientific research† proves of increasing aggression among young viewers (Freedman Par. 2). Freedman goes on to explain thatRead MoreViolence on Television Essay1341 Words   |  6 PagesViolence on Television Most people in our society generally have the opinion that violence on television increases aggression in children and adolescents. Does it ? Who is to say whether television has a positively direct effect or a positive correlation ? However, the majority of the people who have researched this topic have discovered that violence on television is indeed one of the prime factors contributing to the increase in violent and aggressive behavior among the youth in societyRead MoreFavor Of Abolishing Juvenile Court1061 Words   |  5 Pagesteenagers who have committed high-level crimes deserve to be tried as adults. Another popular claim is that the adult court system lowers juvenile recidivism. What these individuals fail to see is the psychological trauma that adult courts have on adolescents. Instead of being tried as adults, children should be tried in juvenile because children’s brains are not fully developed, there are flexible sentences, and juvenile courts allow for more rehabilitation. First, children do not have the necessaryRead MoreEssay Adolescent Internet Addiction 1631 Words   |  7 Pagescomputer mouse. For adolescents the internet can help with schoolwork, but it also provides a platform for communication and entertainment with the world. Because relationships, information and gaming are readily available, it is possible for adolescents to become addicted to the internet and what it offers. The desire to be connected to the internet can inhibit an adolescent’s social, school and personal life and the causes, symptoms, research, treatment and prevention of adolescent internet addictionRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Violent Behavior Among Young Children1525 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Video games on Violent Behavior among Young Children Julian A. Jaggon University of Central Florida The Effect of Video games on Violent Behavior among Young Children Just how popular are videogames? In today’s society very popular, not only do our kids and teenagers play video games but even grown men and women play them as well. Video games are now more popular than watching television or going to the movies. According to Center forRead MoreChildren With Aggression During The United States1482 Words   |  6 Pages Children with aggression in the united states has played a big part in the world today.It has caused a great number of kids to grow up with bad habits and wrong doings. Growing up young with aggression can turn into a pattern that have been created over a long time period (Lehman1).Its first start off with simple aggressive act, then it leads to bigger problems.Also the aggression in a child can rub off his or her peers. Which also can lead to a larger group of kids growing up with the wrong set

Muslims and Science Free Essays

THEME OF ESSAY Please read the short book  Ã¢â‚¬ËœMuslims and Science’  by Pervaiz Hoodhbhoy. Provide your views on the central argument of this book. Building on your knowledge from Bronowski and Sagan, what were the vital characteristics that allowed Western civilization to outpace Muslim civilization in the development of science in the modern period? Muslims and Science By Zara Abbas(11020043) Perspective Ever since the advent of Islam in 7th Century, the Muslim civilization rapidly rose to the forefront of human achievement. We will write a custom essay sample on Muslims and Science or any similar topic only for you Order Now Remarkable progress was made not only in the fields of sciences and philosophy – i. e. mathematics, astrology, astronomy, optics, cartography, medicine, anthropology, logic and literature – but they also became the dominant military and economic power of the world by the 13th Century. These accomplishments were made possible by a number of underlying factors prevailing at that time in Muslim history. The significant ones being the territorial and commercial expansion of Muslim influence to a vast area where a treasure trove of Greek, Persian and Roman works in science, medicine and philosophy was made available to their intellectuals to build upon; Patronage and encouragement was given to Muslim scholars by the ruling elite of that time, several universities were built in the Muslim lands and a spirit of freedom for inquisitive research across the religious divide was created and encouraged. But then, owing to a raging and endless conflict between the forces of logic and reason and those of rigid religious fundamentalism, Muslim Science lost its appeal and eventually disappeared into near oblivion. Resultantly, the culture of patronage of those seeking knowledge and the pursuit of excellence in the fields of sciences and the arts also died. The Muslim World today, comprising 57 countries and 1. 57 billion people – which is roughly one fifth of the world population – has made no significant contribution to science or offered anything substantial towards technology[1] during the last 500 years. It remains in a state of intellectual stagnation while its inept and corrupt leaders rule without any vision or foresight. Budgetary allocations for sciences and general education in most Islamic countries are low resulting in their dependence on the West for survival in vital areas of human activity. Their collective wealth of human capital and vast preserve of natural resources are being wasted on non-development expenditures. The continuing cycle of regressive policy formulation has perpetuated poverty, conflict and instability in most Muslim countries. This deliberate neglect has not only created frustration and despondency amongst the Muslim youth but has also provided space to the orthodox religious forces to breed a deep rooted hatred for the ‘Christian West’ being a convenient scapegoat. In the context of Pakistan and its regional geo-political environment we find ourselves trapped in a serious internal conflict, socio-economic insecurity, political instability and institutional collapse which have retarded the pace of societal progress. This bleak scenario provides enough motivation to dejected members of the society to join extremist elements for their self actualization. When the sad decline of Muslims began after almost 5 centuries of world domination, the West started overtaking them in every field of human enterprise ranging from means of warfare, industry, economics, education, governance and culture. This ascendency of European nations is attributed to the collapse of feudal economy, relegation of the Church from socio-political dominance to mere religious preaching, emergence of capitalistic economy, development of a secular and rational approach towards scientific and social education[2] and lastly the productive cum commercial usefulness of science and technology for the human race. Unfortunately, the gap between both civilizations in the domain of scientific research and technological advancement has steadily widened during the last 400 years. It is therefore imperative upon the Islamic world to take drastic but pragmatic measures to stem the tide; otherwise we are headed towards an impending disaster. This is precisely the ‘Central Argument’ of Dr. Parvez Hoodbhoy’s Book ‘Muslims and Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality†. Although a nuclear physicist by profession, Dr Hoodbhoy has shown remarkable insight into a subject of academic specialization and contemporary importance and has produced a timely and dispassionate analysis of the causes of decline of the Muslim world in the fields of sciences after remaining in the forefront for centuries. His persuasive and lucid style of argument, which at times seems rather offensive for typical Pakistani (i. e. Muslim) sensibilities, takes the reader through the entire spectrum of factors affecting the Muslim loss of world leadership and retreat from modernity. Simultaneously, he also highlights the special characteristics of the Western nations that propelled them towards human excellence and accomplishment not only in sciences but also in societal activity. Finally, he also suggests some functional and sensible measures to progressively take the Muslims onto the path of modernity and scientific enterprise in harmony with our Islamic ethos. Aim The aim of this essay is to enunciate my own reflections on the decline of Muslim society after leading the world for centuries as against the ascendency of Western powers through their superior human actualization with a view to proposing a realistic way forward for the Muslims in light of the notions expressed by Hoodbhoy, Bronowski and Sagan. What Ails The Muslim World Over the past five centuries people in Islamic societies have tried to come to terms with the reality of their relegation to being the world’s ‘followers’ after remaining its ‘leading light’ for an equally long period in the medieval ages. The crucial but relevant question of, ‘What went wrong? ’ agitates the minds of Muslim intellectuals and youth alike. But beyond seeking scapegoats the question remains unanswered. There seems to be no common agreement and honest acknowledgement of our own failings that led to our sad but steady decay, particularly so in the arena of scientific development. However, armed with my study of the subject ‘Science and Civilization’ I shall briefly put forward an objective view of the malaise afflicting the Muslims. 1. Historical Causes of Muslim Decline a. Orthodoxy versus Rationality. The long drawn clash (801 – 1406 AD) between the supporters of Pre destination/Revelation and other Orthodox/Conservative scholars of Sharia, Theology and Islamic jurisprudence (represented by Al Ghazali, Ahmad Bin Hanbal, Al Ashari, Ibn e Taymia, Al Maalik) and the Qadarites/Mutazlites (i. e. the proponents of Free Will, Ethics and Reason represented by Al Kindi, Al Razi, Ibn e Sina, Ibn e Rushd and Ibn e Khaldun)[3] eventually led to the victory of the forces of ossified religiosity and swept rational thought away from Islamic intellectualism. Thus the hitherto patronage, respect and support extended to the scholars by the nobility of the times were also withdrawn under pressure from the conservatives. Sadly, the separation between the fundamentalists and secular/rational Muslims became complete and exists till the present times. Thereafter, no one could dare combine reason with revelation in Islam. The edifice of Islamic science and intellectual glory was reduced to ruin and could not be rebuilt. b. Non Scientific Attitude. As a logical corollary of the aforementioned rigidity of thought amongst the Muslim Orthodoxy, the attitudinal notions required for the nurture and development of sciences did not evolve in the Muslim world after the defeat of rationality. The arrival of dogma and rigidity in Muslim intellectual thought led them to the rejection of ‘prediction’, ‘imagination’, ‘curiosity or the spirit of inquiry’ and ‘the will or urge to control one’s physical environment to human advantage’- essential ingredients of scientific knowledge – resulting in the death of creative activity. Likewise, Muslims of the ‘post golden age’ inherited a general lack of spirit and interest in ‘theoretical’ learning of various sciences owing to their insignificant material reward or utility. They would rather opt for acquisition of practical knowledge for ‘utilitarian’ ends instead of developing a general atmosphere of learning where ‘abstract thought’ and ‘spiritual values could be nurtured. [4] This general apathy towards academic learning steadily became a societal attitude amongst the Muslim generations which exists even today. c. Muslim Educational System. The traditional concept and orientation of education in Muslim societies aims at harmonizing all knowledge with Islamic thought whereby the student remains wedded to his/her Islamic ethos. This develops an attitude of ‘acquiring revealed knowledge’ being a Divine command rather than ‘discovering’ it through inquisitive and participative means. The traditional mode of education followed over centuries in the Muslim world led them to nurture the values of ‘rote learning’, ‘historical and conceptual continuity’,[5] ‘self righteousness’ and ‘rigidity’ in their psyche. Their consequent inability to respond and adjust to a constantly changing world denied them the chance to progress and achieve scientific excellence. d. Capitalism versus Islamic Law. The scientific and industrial revolution in Europe transformed a hitherto feudal society into a modern capitalistic culture. This was achieved through the creation of a bourgeois class capable of investments, innovations and structural changes to coordinate the new means of production and technical progress with the new complex economic challenges. This automatically led to the development of a comprehensive legal system for regulation and dispute resolution of the new socio economic realities. [6] As against this the Islamic jurisprudence, being derived from Quranic injunctions and Prophetic traditions, has a fixed set of rules and defining principles within which justice is to be provided and these laws cannot not be altered or modified to suit changing situations. Therefore, capitalist economy could not take root and develop in its classical sense in Muslim societies. . Economic Causes. When the colonization of Muslim lands in began in the 18th Century, Muslim civilization was urban based with the city dwellers depending on the continuous and assured supply of means of subsistence from the rural peasantry. Such supplies would continue even during conditions of famine or strife with state assistance. Therefore, Muslim economies of that time remained immune from Europe’s revolutionary advancement. Likewise, Muslim urban centers never developed municipal or corporate institutions meant for stimulation of economic growth through industry and trade. [7] As a result the Muslim economic order of that era could not compete with Europe’s phenomenal economic growth. f. Means of Warfare. The steady European advancement in the means of warfare (concepts and weaponry) along with the progress made in industry and technology after the 15th Century was also an important factor in causing European victories on the battlefield. By comparison the Muslims could not generate comparable military muscle/prowess. This incompatibility increased substantially by the 18th Century resulting in the occupation of Muslim territories in North Africa, Spain, Balkans, Russia, India and Iran culminating into the colonization of almost the entire Muslim world by the 19th Century. [8] g. Non Existence of a Power Structure. The power structure of a society determines its dominant attitudes towards scientific enquiry and acquisition of knowledge. In the absence of a central authority wielding politico-religious and military power as against the Church in medieval Europe, the Islamic world did not possess the means of exercising control over its territories/subjects and resolving disputes. This inherent weakness laid bare the possibility of insurrection by powerful religious factions/sects, seizing control of distant lands by usurpers or mobilization of the majority sect against minority viewpoint on liberal religious groups. 9] This was a serious organizational weakness that eventually proved detrimental to the political, economic and intellectual ascendency of the Islamic society. 2. Present State of Muslim Science/Education a. Scientific Progress. A recent study of the World Bank indicates that the quality of scientific as well as general education in the Muslim World is rapidly falling behind the rest of the World and needs urgent attention if it is to cope with the demands of the future. While some Islamic countries – like Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Malaysia, Iran and Nigeria – have drastically increased their respective resource allocations to boost general education and the Sciences, their traditional attitudes towards the education of women, non separation of religious thought from the secular nature of scientific education and discouraging a scientific culture based upon innovation, quantification and empirical verification remain uncompromising to this date. b. Science in the Productive Sector. Despite a universal recognition of the importance of industrial sector for a nation’s economic growth, value added production of contemporary Muslim economies is woefully low. Barring Malaysia, the nature of economy of key Muslim countries remains basically agro and mineral extraction. [10] Therefore their accumulated economic strength/capacity is comparatively lower than other developing economies. This indicates that the ‘science to production’ ratio is negligible with little indications of improvement. c. Scientific Output. The overall scientific output of Muslim countries, as indicated by the number of science research papers published together with the citations to them, indicates that we stand alarmingly low in comparison with others like India, Brazil, China and USA. Likewise, we find that 46 Muslim countries contributed 1. 17 % of the world’s science literature as against 1. 66% and 1. 48% respectively from India and Spain alone. Interestingly, 20 Arab countries contributed 0. 55% in comparison to 0. 89 % by Israel. Moreover, the scientific worth or quality of a fairly large number of these papers was not only below par but some were even plagiarized. A study by academics at the International Islamic University Malaysia showed that OIC countries have 8. 5 scientists, engineers, and technicians per 1000 population, compared with a world average of 40. 7, and 139. 3 for countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. [11] It is also a known fact that the number of Muslim Nobel Laureates is still in single digit in comparison to hundreds from Israel alone. This state of affairs does not augur well for the future of Muslim science. d. Scientific Enterprises. Over the last decade or so Muslim Governments have been steadily increasing their S T budgets with a view to inducing greater scientific activity. The existing average spending of 57 Islamic countries on R D is 0. 3% of their GNP which remains far below the global average of 2. 4%. [12] Nonetheless, the there is a perceptible trend of higher spending in major Muslim countries. But bigger budgets alone would not arrest the deteriorating standards unless the capacity to spend these monies is also built simultaneously on developing a critical mass of scientists, engineers and technicians besides improving their quality and professionalism. Recent surveys also indicate that spending on higher education has increased significantly resulting in a sharp rise in the number of institutions, students and infrastructural improvements. But these centers of learning still lack the qualitative edge that could make them rank amongst the foremost 500 in the world which is not the case at the moment. e. Educational Paradox – Pakistan’s Context. Ever since Pakistan’s independence no government has ever given education any status in the list of its national priorities. The public sector expenditure on this vital sector has remained abysmally low (i. e. ranging between 2. 16% to 2. 42 % of GDP from 2003-08 but was reduced to a paltry 2% in 2010 budget)[13] which compares poorly with other South Asian countries. This has left Pakistan’s literacy rates as the lowest in the region (i. e. 57% – which is 69% males and 45% females). [14] The poor quality of the learning environment is evident from the fact that a large number of schools lack basic infrastructure — 37. per cent of the schools up to the elementary level don’t have boundary walls, 33. 9 per cent lack drinking water facility, 37 per cent don’t have latrines and 60 per cent are without electricity. [15] Owing to the criminal neglect of various successive governments in formulating coherent and sustainable education policies for the people by investing in this vital sector, we have not only ended up losing precious generations to the vicissitudes of time but h ave also denied them the opportunity to improve their lot through acquisition and development of skills. Apart from this, the general apathy and indifference shown towards education by our rulers has led to the creation of a stratified system of educational prejudice. In that the ‘rich and the elite’ go to the private ‘English medium’ schools while the ‘commoner class’ attends the government run ‘Urdu medium’ schools. This puts the common citizen at an unfair disadvantage against the well to do child when both aspire and compete for admission into professional institutions. Recommendations In the words from Dr. Hoodbhoy borrowed from one of his recent papers, ‘Progress will require behavioral changes. If Muslim societies are to develop technology instead of just using it, the ruthlessly competitive global marketplace will insist on not only high skill levels but also intense social work habits. Science can prosper among Muslims once again, but only with a willingness to accept certain basic philosophical and attitudinal changes—i. e. shrug off the dead hand of tradition, reject fatalism and absolute belief in authority, accept the legitimacy of temporal laws, value intellectual rigor and scientific honesty, and respect cultural and personal freedoms. The struggle to usher in science will have to go side-by-side with a much wider campaign to elbow out rigid orthodoxy and bring in modern thought, arts, philosophy, democracy, and pluralism’. Within this forthright observation lies an abstract framework of our future plan of action based on common sense and principles of logic and reason. However, we would need to tread this path with farsighted prudence and devise our strategic thinking in harmony with the obtaining socio political realities of the Islamic world. Such an approach warrants a judicious and systematic execution but profound application so that the reform process permeates into the Muslim soul without agitating its impassioned sensibilities. The new model of our education philosophy should recognize and affirm that science and religion are complementary and not contradictory to each other. Therefore, the revised concept of scientific education should clearly state that both disciplines are separate domains which do not overlap; and that there can never be a conflict between the two as long as their protagonists do not stoke public passions for self aggrandizement. The other areas where reform is proposed are listed below: †¢ Remodel the entire concept/ philosophy of general education at the primary /secondary levels with a view to developing the traits of inquisitiveness, empirical and deductive thought process and the ability to challenge/question precepts and assumptions. †¢ Basic education up to Matriculation (or equivalent standard) should be made compulsory for all citizens (both genders) in all Muslim countries. †¢ Budgetary allocation for education be brought at par with laid down UNESCO standards. Revitalize the tertiary and post graduate education system by improving the infrastructure and facilities, provision of high quality teaching staff and improving the quality/worth of scientific research. †¢ Current standards of vocational training for skill development of technicians should be refined, upgraded and rejuvenated to match the ongoing technological advancement. †¢ The syllabi of Deeni Madaris (religious s chools) should be suitably revamped and harmonized with the current trends in modern education. †¢ The existing disparity between the standards of education/syllabi of Public and private schools be minimized at priority. BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢ Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books , 1991) †¢ Bernard Lewis , â€Å"What Went Wrong? † (Perennial Harper Collins 2002) †¢ Jacob Bronowski, â€Å"The Ascent of Man† (1973) †¢ Carl Sagan, â€Å"Cosmos† (1980) †¢ Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Science and the Islamic World – The Quest for Rapprochement† , â€Å"Physics Today† August 2007 pg 49 lt; http://ptonline. aip. org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_60/iss_8/49_1. shtml? bypassSSO=1 gt; †¢ â€Å"Muslim World Education – Falling Behind†, ‘Khilafah. Com’ , 24 Feb 2008 lt; http://www. khilafah. com/index. hp/the-khilafah/education/2019-muslim-world-education-falling-behind gt; †¢ Dr. Ahmad shafaat, â€Å"a review of Pervez Hoodbhoy, Islam and Science: Religious Orthodoxy and Battle for Rationality† November 2002 lt; h ttp://www. islamicperspectives. com/ReviewPervezHoodbhoy. htm gt; †¢ Khawar Ghumman, â€Å"Only two percent of GDP Spent on Education†, Dawn. Com, (5 Jun 2010) , lt; http://www. dawn. com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/front-page/21-only-2pc-of-gdp-spent-on-education-560-sk-09 gt; ———————– [1] â€Å"Muslim World Education – Falling Behind†, ‘Khilafah. Com’ , 24 Feb 2008 lt; http://www. khilafah. om/index. php/the-khilafah/education/2019-muslim-world-education-falling-behind gt; [2] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991) pg 2 161. [3]Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991),pg 115 – 141. [4]Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Ort hodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991) pg 145 – 149. [5] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991), pg 149 – 154. 6] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991), pg 154 – 156. [7] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books ,1991), pg 157 – 160. [8] Bernard Lewis , â€Å"What Went Wrong? † (Perennial Harper Collins 2002), pg 18 – 34. [9]Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books , 1991), pg 161. [10]Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Muslims Science – Religious Orthodoxy and the Struggle for Rationality† (Vanguard Books , 1991), p g 34 – 37. 11] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy(2007), â€Å"Science and the Islamic World – The Quest for Rapprochement† ,Physics today’ August 2007 pg 49 lt; http://ptonline. aip. org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_60/iss_8/49_1. shtml? bypassSSO=1 gt; [12] Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy, â€Å"Science and the Islamic World – The Quest for Rapprochement† ,Physics Today’ August 2007 pg 49 lt; http://ptonline. aip. org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_60/iss_8/49_1. shtml? bypassSSO=1 gt; [13] Government of Pakistan – Ministries of Finance and Education – How to cite Muslims and Science, Papers

Manuel Felguerez Entre Dos Almas Essay Example For Students

Manuel Felguerez Entre Dos Almas Essay Abstract art is defined by suggestion of the natural or real versus the concrete, indexical perception of absolute depiction found in realism. In understanding these precepts the reader of this review will gain insight into how the writers assess the various viewpoints presented by opticality and perception from the artist, viewer, and critic in finding meaning in the work of an abstract painting. Opticality, how to view a work of art, can take the intellectual approach or take the form of a psychological game, sometimes perpetrated by the artist, as an optical illusion to be solved and other times to be used by writers through an intellectual approach in resolving the hidden meaning of the abstract painting. Manuel Felguerez is a Mexican artist who was born in Zacatecas, Mexico. He moved to Mexico City to study sculpture at the Academia de San Carlos and La Esmeralda School of Art. He began exhibiting in the early 1950s in Paris and Mexico City and continues to exhibit worldwide today. The work of Manuel Felguerez covers a vast space in the Mexican plastic reality. It is also one of the most powerful examples of the will to remain faithful to the authentic demands of art without closing the current moment, but also by opposing the truth of the artist when deemed necessary. Abstract painter and sculptor since his early works, he realizes his intimate and personal relationship with form. Felguerez always explored the endless possibilities of the means of expression themselves. Felguerez is a rational artist, analytical and self-appraising, geometric, organize, and order, logic, system of possibilities. In more ways than one, Felguerez might be easily taken for a professor. The formation of Felguerez style was influenced by the abstract expressionism which he was exposed to in his early training. His works contains geometric figures most of the time, such as circles, triangles, squares which he combines with his own language. Manuel Felguerez has had many influences but he does not follow any one specifically. We have seen the presence of Zadkine, his first teacher in his sculptures, and later the one from Moore. At some time of his painting, the violent seduction of Kooning has appeared, but all influences have been assimilated and transformed into constant exercise of his creative freedom. The painting Entre Dos Almas its an oil on canvas made by Manuel Felguerez on 1992, it is located in the San Antonio Museum of Art in the city of San Antonio, Texas. It is placed in the Latin-American artists section with a quote of Felguerez that says: Every plane contains potentially infinite volumes. Opt for one, and create a relief; color will also assume dimension. Then take the volume and develop it in space, demonstrate that the concept painting-relief-sculpture is obsolete, exhausted, that form-color is one within relative spaces. Entre dos almas is typical of many of Felguerezs paintings form the 1990s in which he explores composition in two dimensions. His paintings include lyrical explorations of curved organic forms juxtaposed with geometrical elements. The cool metallic gray background of his work is reminiscent of the high technology and computer elements which influenced Manuel Felguerezs work in the late 1970s. Felguerezs paintings are closely related to many of his sculptural reliefs. As we can see, nothing in this painting is recognizable; there are no fruits, landscapes or people. In some cases the painting is pleasant to the eye and sometimes it is not. The painting has a flat two-dimensional-space area. It has a lot of curved lines and it has a few straight lines; I touched the surface of the painting by myself and I could notice that the texture of the painting is thick and rough, as we can perceive that the painting has this kind of texture when we look at it. .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7 , .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7 .postImageUrl , .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7 , .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7:hover , .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7:visited , .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7:active { border:0!important; } .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7:active , .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7 .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc5561b85593f2143a02131c8ddf2f2d7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Art History Essay On ChiaroscuroThe purpose of the unity in a painting is to create a sense of harmony and wholeness, by using similar elements and the purpose of the variety is to use contrasting elements within the composition, which we can clearly see in this painting; the unity used here is that the objects have the same color while the variety is the use of different sizes and shapes. The principal colors Manuel Felguerez used in this painting are metallic grey, orange and white, the other ones are a mixture of these three. The balance of this painting is asymmetrical because it is abstract art so all the elements are placed unevenly. The painting has asymmetrical symmetry because one side of the painting has mostly metallic grey and orange and the other one has white and orange. That might be why he called this painting Entre dos almas. Felguerez might want to say with this painting that everyone has two sides, the good side and the bad side that are always fighting. Most of the time the good side of the people wins that is the reason why we can see the white color trying to overcome the blackness of the other side of the painting. But while doing this it is obvious that we as human beings have our failures and sometimes we do not do the right thing, which might be the purpose of the black part in the white side of the painting. But that is how I interpret this work of art, it does not have to mean that, everyone can see it in a different way, as we can read above Felguerez did this painting influenced by the technology at that time. His work is a confirmation that he does not ignore the demands imposed on the time, but on the contrary, he faces them directly. Bibliography: 1. Lanigan, Linda B. How to Get Meaning from Abstract Painting. How to Get Meaning from Abstract Painting: As Interpreted by the Artist, the Viewer, and the Writer (2012): n. web. 2012. 2. Peden, Margaret Sayers. Out of the Volcano: Portraits of Contemporary Mexican Artists. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1991. Print. 3. Ponce, Juan. Nueve Pintores Mexicanos. [1. ed. Me?xico: Ediciones Era, 1968. Print. 4. Entre Dos Almas. San Antonio Museum of Art. 200 W Jones Ave, San Antonio, TX 78215. November 27th, 2014.

Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome

Table of Contents Introduction History of Slavery Social Constructs Discrimination Conclusion Bibliography Footnotes Introduction Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome (PTSS) is a traumatic disorder that African Americans have developed following the traumatic experiences of slavery and associated treatments by the whites. Ideally, PTSS is a theory that elucidates the nature and occurrence of certain behaviors among African Americans that relate to slavery.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The social problems that Africans Americans and other Africans across the globe are facing are mainly because of PTSS.1 Since the whites used slavery and racism as a means of oppression, they conditioned the Africans that they are a minority ethnic group. Although Africans have emancipated themselves physically, social and psychological perceptions indicate th at the whites are a major ethnic group. Therefore, despite the fact that slavery has ended, Africans continue to suffer from PTSS, which emanates from traumatic experiences of slavery that their ancestors encountered. History of Slavery During the course of history, Africans Americans experienced slavery because the whites bought them during the slave trade. They predisposed them to torturous conditions of slavery. In the slavery, the whites made African-Americans and other Africans to understand that they are lesser beings who deserve inhumane treatment. Throughout slavery, the Africans endured traumatic experiences for many years that made them change their behaviors in a bid to adapt the conditions of slavery. Slave history of Africans is tremendously shocking since many of them died during enslavement while those who survived endured great ordeal that led them to develop trauma. Experiences of slavery were really traumatizing since millions of Africans died during enslavement as they endured torture, hard labor and harsh conditions of transportation.2 Therefore, slavery experiences were really traumatizing and did predispose slaves to trauma. Hence, the slavery conditions that slaves endured have significantly influenced the behaviors of Africans because of PTSS. In spite of the fact that slavery does not exist in modern society, Africans continue to suffer from PTSS. Trauma that slaves experienced during slavery conditioned Africans to change their behaviors to adapt traumatic experiences that threatened their lives. Change of behaviors is a survival mechanism that enabled slaves to endure slavery. It predisposed them to trauma.Advertising Looking for critical writing on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Currently, Africans are suffering from PTSS as reflected in habits, attitudes and behaviors that relate to slavery. For instance, there is differential social, economic and political development between the whites and the blacks. Enduring psychological and emotional damage because of slavery continue to recur from one generation to another among African Americans.3 Hence, social, economic and political differences that exist between the whites and the blacks arise from PTSS. PTSS has significantly influenced the capacities of African Americans because it impairs them from developing themselves, families and communities.4 Thus, to empower the African Americans, one must focus on PTSS, which is a key factor that contributes to social challenges that hinder the African Americans. Social Constructs Social constructs have significantly contributed to the development of PTSS among Africans Americans. Since the whites treated Africans as lesser beings who did not have the capacity to reason, Africans Americans have perceived themselves to be so. In the aspects of social, economic, political and education, Africans Americans have performed so dismally compared to the w hites because they perceive themselves to be inferior. Hence, the inferiority complex that Africans Americans suffer now originates from experiences that slaves encountered. As slavery is a social issue that depicts discrimination in terms of color, the treatment of slaves by the whites gives an impression to African Americans that they are the minority group and less human. A few blacks own homes or businesses because they feel inferior to the whites.5 In this view, the quality of life that slaves lived was quite different from the one their masters lived. Likewise, the quality of life that the whites are living considerably contrasts with the one that the majority of Africans Americans are living. However, differences that exist emphasize the impact of PTSS on the lives of African Americans and other Africans across the world. Thus, the construct of inferiority imposed by the whites influence how Africans perceive themselves relative to the whites. Moreover, the whites hold that A fricans do not need any sleep: they must spend sleepless nights doing the work. Hence, the whites overworked the slaves without providing an opportunity for them to sleep because they do not need it. Because of such construct, the whites justified their inhuman acts of making the slaves to work day and night.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, since the slaves provided free labor, currently the whites perceive Africans to be the source of cheap labor. Africans Americans are also willing to offer cheap labor as compared to their counterparts. Employment patterns indicate that there are jobs that fit Africans while there those that suit the whites. Differences in job orientations occur because PTSS is extending trends of labor that were in slavery. PTSS is evident in racism and discrimination that continues to pervade public insti tutions and political arena in the United States.6 Although slavery ended over 150 years ago, racism is the residual form of slavery that causes PTSS among African Americans. Hence, racism elicits PTSS and reminds Africans Americans of the slavery that their ancestors suffered. The whites also justified their inhuman actions against the Africans by perceiving them as having no feelings of pain and grief. Slave masters treated their slaves brutally because they did not have any feeling concerning their experiences. Given that the whites did not have any feelings towards the slaves, they treated them as though they did not feel pain or grief because of traumatic experiences. The death of a slave was like a death of a dog since none felt their pain or heard their cry. The whites assumed that Africans do not grief: they beat, overworked, tortured, sold and even killed them.7 Hence, slaves deserve inhuman treatment because they do not grief. Current perceptions still exist because crimin al justice system has biases when dealing with criminal issues that involve the whites and blacks. Discrimination Discrimination against African Americans continues to persist in the modern America because of unequal privileges. While African Americans have no privileges, the whites have privileges in that they can access social, political and economic privileges that are in the society. Since slavery, and by extension racism, depict the whites as privileged and the blacks as unprivileged, social, political and economic status of the whites has set precedent for the ethnic minorities to follow. The disparity that exists is that, although inequality of privileges is a national problem that needs immediate attention and solution, the whites do not perceive it as a significant problem for they are more privileged. The white privilege dominates the society in that Africans Americans perceive themselves as unprivileged. Hence, they are struggling to attain the privilege of the whites by abandoning their traditions and lifestyles. Currently, the whites are the pace setters in every facet of life such as social, political, cultural and economic because they have privileges.Advertising Looking for critical writing on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A study conducted indicates that African Americans are susceptible to posttraumatic stress disorder because of racial discrimination.8 This means that PTSS is still predominant among African Americans despite the fact that slavery ended many decades ago. Hence, white privilege continues to subject African Americans to PTSS. Given that racism is a social construct that elevates social status of the white, degrading that of the blacks, the whites perceive racism as a normal social process of life attributed to the difference in ethnicities and races. Although there is significant decline in racial discrimination in the public, discriminating practices that have racial dimensions continue to operate in the society. Contemporary racism is very subtle because it does not depict discrimination explicitly. However, critical analysis shows that the great gap that exists between the whites and the black is mainly because of racism. Racial injustices perpetuate in the society because of chron ic and persistent effects of racism on victims and perpetrators.9 Hence, persistence of racism in the society continues to elicit PTSS among Africans Americans for they continually perceive the whites as masters and oppressors throughout the world. Slavery is a traumatic event that reminds the African Americans of the torture that their ancestors underwent. Likewise, racism is a form of slavery that seeks to perpetuate in the society. Hence, slavery and racism has resulted into classism, which is another form of discrimination that is quite evident in how the whites and the blacks live. Classism divides people into various classes in social, economic and political aspects of life. For instance, the whites belong to high social and economic classes while the blacks belong to low social and economic classes. The whites prefer living in residential houses of high class as compared to the blacks who live in residential houses of low class. Classification of the neighborhoods in terms of color is evident as the whites and the blacks live in separate residential estates that depict differences in social and economic classes. Classism is also evident in the nature of education, employment and social activities that the whites and the black have.10 Hence, the existence of classes based on racial dimensions is a factor that contributes to the development of PTSS among African Americans. Conclusion Slavery is a traumatic experience that predisposes slaves to trauma and the subsequent generations to PTSS. Africans endured trauma during slavery that has significantly changed their behavior and development in the modern society. Hence, African Americans and other Africans across the world are grappling with PTSS, as it has changed their attitudes, habits and behaviors. In essence, PTSS has conditioned the Africans that they must be inferior to the whites in all facets of life, be it social, economic, cultural or political. Therefore, the book, â€Å"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder† attributes social problems that Africans are experiencing in every part of the world to PTSS. Bibliography Carter, R., Helms, J. (2009). Racism and Race-Base Traumatic Stress: Toward New Legal and Clinical Standards. Law Enforcement Executive Forum, 9(5), 113-129. DeGloma, T. (2011). Defining Social Illness in A Diagnostic World: Trauma and the Cultural Logic of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Medical Sociology, 12(1), 59-81. Degruy-Leary, J. (2005). Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America’s Legacy of  Enduring Injury and Healing. New York: Uptone Press. Mims, S., Higginbottom, J., Reid, O. (2001). Behavioral Definition for Post Trauma and the African Experience: Post Traumatic Slavery Disorder. Anti-PTslaveryD Curriculum, 1(1), 1-90. Mitchell, R. (2004). Slave Syndrome is About Fixing Themselves. The Dragonian, 1(1), 1-2. Pole, N., Gone, J., Kulkarni, M. (2008). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Ethnoracial Minorities in the United States. Clinical Psycho logy: Science and Practice, 15(1), 35-61. Footnotes 1 Degruy-Leary, J. (2005). Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America’s Legacy of  Enduring Injury and Healing. New York: Uptone Press, 11. 2 Mims, S., Higginbottom Reid, O. (2001). Behavioral Definition for Post Trauma and the African Experience: Post Traumatic Slavery Disorder. Anti-PTslaveryD Curriculum, 1, 12 3 Mitchell, R. (2004). Slave Syndrome is About Fixing Themselves. The Dragonian, 1. 4 Mims, S., Higginbottom Reid, O. (2001). 5 Mitchell, R. (2004). 1 6 DeGloma, T. (2011). Defining Social Illness in A Diagnostic World: Trauma and the Cultural Logic of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Medical Sociology, 12, 68. 7 Degruy-Leary, J. (2005). 15. 8 Pole, N., Gone, J., Kulkarni, M. (2008). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Ethnoracial Minorities in the United States. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 15(1), 37. 9 Carter, R., Helms, J. (2009). Racism and Race-Base Traumatic Stress: Toward New Legal and Clinical S tandards. Law Enforcement Executive Forum, 9(5), 113. 10 Carter, R., Helms, J. (2009). 114. This critical writing on Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome was written and submitted by user Jenn1ferSm1th to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.